BOTANY

PAPER-I

1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology- Viruses, bacteria , and plasmids – structure and reproduction . General account of infection, Phytoimmunology . Applications of microbiology in agriculture , industry, medicine and pollution control in air , soil and water.Important plant diseases caused by viruses , bacteria , mycoplasma , fungi and nematodes . Mode of infection and dissemination . Molecular basis of infection and disdase reshstance/ defdnce. Phxsiology of pararitirm and cnntrol measures. Fungal toxins.2. Cryptogams – Algae, Fungi , Bryophytes, Pteridophytes- structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint . Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their economics potential.

3. Phanerogams : Gymnosperms- Concept of Progymonosperms. Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms . Salient features of Cycadales, Conferrals and Gnetales, their structures and reproduction . General account of Cycadofilicales , Bennettitales and cordaitales.

Angiosperms- Systematics , anatomy , embryology, palynology and phylogeny

Comparative account of various systems of Angiosperm classification . Study of angiospermic families – Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Composite) , Poaceae (Gramineae) , Arecaceae (Palmae) Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae

Stomata and their types Anomalous secondary growth, Anatomy of C 3 and C 4 plants.

Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization. Endosperm its development and function, Patterns of embryo development. Polymbryony, apoxmix ,Applications of palynology.

4. Plant Utility and Exploitation – Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov’s centres of Origin. Plants as sources for food , fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, drugs, narcotics , insecticides, timber , gums, resins and dyes.

Latex, cellulose Starch and their products. Perfumery. Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context.Energy plantation. Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.

5. Morphogenesis–Totipotency ,polarity, symmetry and differentiation, Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids and Cybrids.

PAPER- II

1. Cell Biology – Techniques of Cell Biology . Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells structural and ultrastructural details. Structure and ftncthon nf extrabelltlar matrix nf EBM (bell wall) and mdmbr`nes- cell adhesion , membrane transport and vesicular transport .Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts , mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus nuclear pore complex . Chromatin and nucleosome. Cell signaling and cell receptors. Signal transduction (G-1 proteins , etc). Mitosis and meisolosis; molecular basis of cell cycle . Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance. Study of polytene , lampbrush and B- chromosomes- structure , behaviour and significance.

2. Genetics , Molecular Biology and Evolution – Development of genetics , and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles). Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linakage and crossing over- methods of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping function). Sex chromosomes and sex linked inheritance, sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation . Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis). Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Prions and prion hypothesis. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins .Genetic code and regulation of gene expression. Multigene families . Organic evolution – evidences, mechanism and theories . Role of RNA in origin and evolution.

3. Plant Breeding , Biotechnology and Biostatistics- Methods of plant breeding- Introduction , selection and hybridization (Pedigree, backcross, mass selection , bulk method.) Male sterility and heterosis breeding . Use of apomixes in plant breeding . Micropropagation and genetic engineering – methods of transfer of genes and transgenic crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding .Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV) . Tests of significance (Z – test, t- test and chi- square tests). Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and poisson distributions). Correlation and regression.

4. Physiology and Biochemistry- Water relations , Mindral nutritinn and ion transport , mhneral deficiencies . Photosynthesis- Photochemical reactions , photophosphorylation and carbon pathways including C pathway (photorespiration), C.C and CAM pathways . Respiration (anaerobic and aerobic, including fermentation – electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation . Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes , energy transfer and energy conservation . Importance of secondary metabolites . Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering . vernalization, senescence. Growth substances – their chemical nature , role and applications in agri- horticulture, growth indices, growth movements . Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity , metal). Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy , storage and germination of seed . Fruit ripening – it s molecular basis and manipulation.

5. Ecology and Plant Geography- Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community . Plant succession . Concept of biosphere. Ecosystems and their conservation . Pollution and its control (including phytoremediation ).Forest types of India – Afforestation, deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants , endemism and Red Data Books. Biodiversity . Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and Intellectual Property Rights. Biogeochemical cycles . Global warming.