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2010-08-26T10:16:00.000-07:00

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2010-08-25T04:09:00.000-07:00

BANK OF MAHARASHTRA PROBATIONARY OFFICERS EXAM., 2008

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State Bank of India Probationary Officer 2008 :Solved Paper

SSC COMBINED GRADUATE LEVEL PRE EXAM 2008

Railway Recruitment Board Solved Paper 2008

R.A.S/R.T.S (Pre.) Examination,2007

L.I.C. Assistant Recruitment Test Previous year

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CIVIL SERVICES (Main) EXAM, 2007 Solved Paper

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2010-08-24T09:46:00.000-07:00

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2010-08-24T09:06:00.000-07:00

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B. B. Lal

2009-02-15T03:48:00.000-08:00

Braj Basi Lal (born in Jhansi, India in 1921) is a well-known Indian archaeologist. He was the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1968 to 1972, and has served as President of the World Archaeological Congress. He also worked in for UNESCO committees. He received the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 2000.

He has done excavations in the Indus Valley Civilization with Mortimer Wheeler and other archaeologists. He has had a spectacularly successful and exemplary archaeological career spanning more than half‑a‑century. He was trained in excavation by the veteran archaeologist, Wheeler at Taxila, Harappa and other famous sites in the forties of the last century. Out of his many pupils Wheeler chose Lal to entrust the excavation of the Early Historic site of Sisupalgarh in Orissa before relinquishing the charge of the Director‑General of Archaeology in India in 1947.

The eminent British archaeologists, Stuart Piggott and D.H. Gordon, in their reviews of B. B. Lal’s classic article on the Copper Hoards of the Gangetic basin (Piggott 1954), and his Hastinapura excavation report (Gordon 1957), both published in Ancient India, the annual journal of the Archaeological Survey of India, hailed them as models of research and excavation reporting. In subsequent years Lal excavated the Mesolithic site of Birbhanpur in West Bengal, the Chalcolithic site of Gilund and the Harappan site of Kalibangan, both in Rajasthan, and the Ramayana sites of Ayodhya, Bharadwaj Ashram, Nandigram, Chitrakut and Shringaverapura in Uttar Pradesh.

For his academic achievements and the high quality of his scholarship Professor Lal has been honoured by many prestigious institutions in India and abroad. In 2000, the President of the Indian Republic conferred upon him the coveted title of Padmabhushan.

External Links : Click Here

Prabha Atre

2009-02-15T01:13:00.001-08:00

Prabha Atre (1932, Pune) is an eminent Maharashtrian vocalist of Kirana Gharana classical Indian music.
Prabha was born to Abasaheb and Indirabai Atre. As children, Prabha and her sister, Usha, were interested in music, but neither of them planned to pursue music as a career. When Prabha was eight, Indirabai was not keeping good health, and at a friend's suggestion that classical music lessons would help her feel better, she took a few lessons (before stopping after five lessons). However, listening to those lessons inspired Prabha to learn classical music herself.

Prabha learned classical music first from Pandit Sureshbabu Mane, and after his demise in 1952, from Smt. Hirabai Badodekar. Both Sureshbabu and Hirabai were children and disciples of Ustad Abdul Karim Khan. While studying under Hirabai, Prabha accompanied her on her musical concert tours in different parts of India, and thus got exposure to different audiences.

While studying music, Prabha also finished college courses in science and law to receive degrees in both of those disciplines. She later earned a Ph. D. in music too. Her doctoral thesis was titled "Sargam", and pertained to the use of sol-fa notes in Indian classical music.

Awards

In 1976, Prabha received the Acharya Atre Award for music. Jagatguru Shankaracharya conferred on her the title of "Gana Prabha". She received the Sangeet Natak Academy Award in 1991. The Government of India conferred on her Padma Shree in 1990 and Padma Bhushan in 2002. During the first four months of 2002, she received four awards, including Padma Bhushan.

Ela Ramesh Bhatt

2009-01-20T08:42:00.000-08:00

Ela Ramesh Bhatt was born on September 7, 1933 in Ahmedabad,

India

. The second of three daughters, Ela grew up in a well-to-do family deeply interested and active in social causes. Her childhood was spent in Surat, an export centre on the coast about 100 miles from Ahmedabad, where her father, Sumant Bhatt, had a successful law practice. Her mother, Vanalila Vyas, was active in the women's movement.

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Padma Bhusan Recipient

2009-01-06T21:04:00.001-08:00

Jagat Singh Mehta	Kongara Jaggayya
Jagmohan	Devaki Jain
Jainendra Kumar	Lalgudi Jayaraman
Jhabarmal Sharma	Bhimsen Joshi
Ali Yavar Jung	K.G. Subramanyan
Anil Kakodkar	Abdul Kalam
Kalindi Charan Panigrahi	Swami Kalyandev
M. V. Kamath	Kamleshwar
Kapil Dev	Prithviraj Kapoor
K. Shivaram Karanth	Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan
Girish Karnad	Krishnaswami Kasturirangan
Gopinath Kaviraj	Surashri Kesarbai Kerkar
Maulana Wahiduddin Khan	Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar
Triloki Nath Khoshoo	S. L. Kirloskar
Dominic Chacko Kizhakemuri	Daulat Singh Kothari
Komal Kothari	Kottayan Katankot Venugopal
Yamini Krishnamurthy	M. S. Krishnan (geologist)
T N Krishnan	Devulapalli Krishnasastri
Mogubai Kurdikar	Verghese Kurien
Kuvempu	Pratap Chandra Lal
Kasturbhai Lalbhai	R. K. Laxman
M. L. Vasanthakumari	Periyasaamy Thooran
Maharaja KrishnaRasgotra	Talat Mahmood
Josh Malihabadi	N. R. Malkani
Narayan Singh Manaklao	Sam Manekshaw
Lata Mangeshkar	Palghat Mani Iyer
Manikya Lal Verma	Sonal Mansingh
Mario Miranda	Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
M. V. Mathur	Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw
Tyeb Mehta	Ismail Merchant
Waman Bapuji Metre	Mrinal Miri
Vidya Niwas Mishra	Dr. A.P. Mitra
Sunil Mittal	Kelucharan Mohapatra
Yoshiro Mori	Grace Morley
Brijmohan Lall Munjal	C. Sivarama Murti
N. Mahalingam	Shiv Nadar
Akkineni Nageswara Rao	Roddam Narasimha
H. Narasimhaiah	C. K. Nayudu
Kazi Nazrul Islam	Gopaldas Neeraj
Arun Netravali	Nandan Nilekani
Indra Nooyi	Mohan Singh Oberoi
Rajendra K. Pachauri	Poornima Arvind Pakvasa
Yash Pal	Frank Pallone
K. N. Panikkar	Sumitranandan Pant
Bhikhu Parekh, Baron Parekh	Maulana Abdul Karim Parekh
Rajendra Singh Paroda	Bhaurao Patil
D. K. Pattammal	Swaraj Paul
Pavate D. C.	Ramanujam Varatharaja Perumal
Prabhu Chawla	Azim Premji
R. D. Pradhan	Raja Rao
Rajan and Sajan Mishra	Rajinikanth
Rajkumar	Ram Kinkar Upadhyay
Ram Narain Agarwal	Ram Narayan
Narasimhan Ram	*Next*

Padma Bhusan Recipients

2009-01-03T07:18:00.001-08:00

A. Ramachandran
Gary Ackerman
H. P. S. Ahluwalia
Mian Bashir Ahmed
Begum Akhtar
Javed Akhtar
Horace Alexander
Aruna Asaf Ali
Salim Ali (ornithologist)
Ebrahim Alkazi
Amritlal Nagar
Dev Anand
Viswanathan Anand
U. R. Ananthamurthy
Prabha Atre
Augustine Pinto
B. B. Lal
B. R. Barwale
Amitabh Bachchan
Harivansh Rai Bachchan
Hirabai Badodekar
Teejan Bai
SundaramBalachander
Baldev Upadhyaya
Balraj Puri
Tarashankar Bandopadhyay
Banumathi
Nabakanta Barua
Rajshekhar Basu
Shyam Benegal
Chembai

Prabhu Lal Bhatnagar
Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar
Chandi Prasad Bhatt
Ela Bhatt
Bhogilal Pandya

Billy Arjan Singh
Chandu Borde
Boyi Bhimanna

Brihaspati Dev Triguna

Buddhadeb Bosu
Camille Bulcke

Amiya Chakravarty

Dhyan Chand

Lokesh Chandra

Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari

Chandrika Prasad Srivastava

Soumitra Chatterjee

Swadesh Chatterjee

Harindranath Chattopadhyay

Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay

Hariprasad Chaurasia

Chiranjeevi

Sarvadaman Chowla

Banoo Jehangir Coyaji
D. B. Deodhar

Durgabai Deshmukh

Girija Devi

B. Saroja Devi

Manna Dey

Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon

Joginder Singh Dhillon

Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
Faquir Chand Kohli

Michael Ferreira

Madhav Gadgil

Ela Gandhi

Sivaji Ganesan

Dhirendra Nath Ganguly

Sunil Gavaskar

Gokulbhai Bhatt

Gopichand Narang

Gottipati Brahmaiah

D. V. Gundappa

Maithili Sharan Gupt

Gurram Jashuva

Shobha Gurtu
Habib Tanvir

Irfan Habib

Madapati Hanumantha Rao

Anna Hazare

Hazari Prasad Dwivedi

Veerendra Heggade

Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani

Henning Holck-Larsen

Somnath Hore

Zakir Hussain (musician)

Qurratulain Hyder

B. K. S. Iyengar

U. R Ananthamurthy

2009-01-03T06:56:00.001-08:00

Born : 21 December 1932,Melige, Tirthahalli taluk, Shimoga District, Karnataka
Occupation : Professor, Writer
Nationality : India
Genres : Fiction
Literary movement : Navya

Udupi Rajagopalacharya Ananthamurthy born December 21, 1932, is a leading contemporary writer and critic in the Kannada language and is considered as one of the most important representatives of the Navya movement. Ananthamurthy is counted among the most eminent Indian authors. He is the sixth person among seven recipients of the Jnanpith Award for the Kannada language, the highest literary honor conferred in India.In 1998, he received the Padma Bhushan award from the Government of India.

Awards
Jnanpith award in 1994
Padma Bhushan in 1998
Rajyothsava award in 1984
Sahitya academy award in 1983
Maasti award in 1994

Related Links : Blog + I m Brahmin

Viswanathan Anand

2009-01-03T06:29:00.001-08:00

Full name : Viswanathan Anand
Country : India
Born : 11 December 1969 (age 39) ,Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Title : Grandmaster(1988)
World champion : 2000-2002 (FIDE), 2007-present(undisputed)
FIDE rating : 2791 (No. 2 on the january 2009 FIDE rating list)
Peak rating : 2803 (April 2006, April 2008 )

Awards
Anand has received many national and international awards.
Arjuna award for Outstanding Indian Sportsman in Chess in 1985
Padma Shri, National Citizens Award and Soviet Land Nehru Award in 1987
The inaugural Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, India's highest sporting honour in the year 1991-1992.
British Chess Federation 'Book of the Year' Award in 1998 for his book My Best Games of Chess. Padma Bhushan in 2000
Jameo de Oro the highest honour given by the Government of Lanzarote in Spain on 25 April 2001. The award is given to illustrious personalities with extraordinary achievements.
Chess Oscar (1997, 1998, 2003, 2004 and 2007)
Sportstar Millennium Award in 1998, from India's premier Sports magazine for being the sportperson of the millennium
Padma Vibhushan in 2007

Related Links : BBC NEWS , WIKIPEDIA

Dev Anand

2008-12-31T00:41:00.001-08:00

Born :DharamDev Pishorimal Anand,

September 26, 1923 (1923-09-26) (age 85)

Gurdaspur, Punjab, British India

Occupation: Actor, producer, director - Years

active : 1946-present
DharamDev Pishorimal Anand (born September 26, 1923), better known simply as Dev Anand, is a legendary Indian Bollywood actor and film producer. In his heyday as a star, he was considered the epitome of the suave, urban gentleman, even being banned once from wearing white shirt over black trousers as it drove girls to a frenzy.Dev is the second of three brothers who were active in Bollywood. His elder brother Chetan Anand was a film director, as was his younger brother, Vijay Anand. Their sister Sheel Kanta Kapur, is the mother of renowned Hindi and English film director Shekhar Kapur.
Filmfare Awards

1955 - Nominated Best Actor for Munimji

1958 - Winner Best Actor for Kala Pani

1959 - Nominated Best Actor for Love Marriage

1960 - Nominated Best Actor for Kala Bazar

1961 - Nominated Best Actor for Hum Dono

1966 - Winner Best Actor for Guide

1966 - Winner Best Film for Guide.

1991 - Winner Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award.
National honours and recognitions

1996 - Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award

1997 - "Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award" for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry.

1998 - "Lifetime Achievement Award" by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta.

1999 - Sansui "Lifetime Achievement Award" for his 'Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema' in New Delhi.

2000 - Film Goers' "Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium" Award in Mumbai.

2001 - Padma Bhushan Award (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India).

2001 - "Special Screen Award" for his contribution to Indian cinema.2001 - "Evergreen Star of the Millennium" Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards.

2002 - Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence

2003 - "Lifetime Achievement Award" for ‘Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema’ at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa. 2004 - "Legend of Indian Cinema" Award at Atlantic City (United States).2004 - "Living Legend Award" by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry.

2005 - "Sony Golden Glory Award"

2006 - "ANR Award" by the Akkineni International Foundation. 2006 - "Glory of India Award" by IIAF, London.

2007 - "Punjab Ratan" (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment.

2008 - "Lifetime Achievement Award" by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub.

2008 - "Lifetime Achievement Award" by Roatary Club of Bombay

2008 - Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards
International honors and recognitions

In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award at the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America - Mrs. Hillary Rodham Clinton - for his 'Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema'.In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association "Star of the Millennium" Award in the Silicon Valley, California.Donna Ferrar, Member New York State Assembly, honoured him with a "New York State Assembly Citation" for his 'Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York' on May 1, 2001.In 2005, he was honoured with a "Special National Film Award" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal’s first National Film Festival. He got this honour for his contribution to its In 2007 he was guest of honour at the Sweden India Film Association (SIFA) Indian film festival in Stockholm. In 2008 he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands. He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission.

Referances : Click Here

Amrit lal Nagar

2008-12-30T20:06:00.000-08:00

Amritlal Nagar born 17 August 1916 in Agra Uttar Pradesh, has been one of the prominent Hindi writers of modern times.
He started off as an author and journalist, but moved on to be an active writer in Indian Film Industry for next 7 years. He worked as a drama producer in All India Radio at Lucknow (U.P.) between December 1953 and May 1956. At this point he realized that regular job will always be a hindrance to his literary life, so he devoted himself to freelance writing.
Writing
Novels
Saat Ghunghat Waalaa Mukhadaa (Historical background)
Maanas Kaa Hans (On Tulasidaas Ji)
Naachayo Bahut Gopaal (Social cause)
Khanjan Nayan (On Surdaas Ji)
Orachhaa Ki Nartaki (Historical background)
Chakallas

Children's literature
Bajarangi Pahalwaan
Bajarangi Naurangi
Natkhat Chaachi

Awards & Official positions
Padma Bhushan conferred by Government of India
Sahitya Akademi Award in 1967 for his novel, Amrit aur Vish.
Soviet Land Nehru Award (1970).
Bharat-Bharti Puraskar
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Shikhar Samman
Board member, Sahitya Academi

Reference : Click Here

Ebrahim Alkazi

2008-12-29T21:33:00.001-08:00

Ebrahim Alkazi is a famous Indian theatre director, who was the founding head of the India's premier theatre training institute, National School of Drama, New Delhi. He was associated with training many well-known film and theatre actors including Om Shivpuri, Om Puri, Naseeruddin Shah, Manohar Singh, Uttara Baokar, Jyoti Subhash, Suhas Joshi, B. Jayashree, Jayadev and Rohini Hattangadi.
He has directed over 50 plays, including famous productions of: Girish Karnad's "Thuglaq", Mohan Rakesh's "Ashadh Ka Ek Din" and Dharmvir Bharati's "Andha Yug".
As the director of the National School of Drama (NSD), Alkazi revolutionised Hindi theatre by the magnificence of his vision, and the meticulousness of his technical discipline.
He was the first recipient of Roopwedh Pratishtan's the Tanvir Award (2004) for lifetime contribution to the theatre. He has received awards including the Padma Shree, Padma Bhushan, Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship for his contribution to theatre.

Salim Ali

2008-12-29T21:16:00.001-08:00

Sálim Ali, born Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali, (November 12, 1896 - July 27, 1987), was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist. Known as the "Birdman of India", Salim Ali was among the first Indians to conduct systematic bird surveys in India and his books have contributed enormously to the development of professional and amateur ornithology in India.
Salim Ali was born into a Sulaimani Mustali Ismaili (Sulaimani Bohra) Muslim family of Bombay, the tenth and youngest child. He was orphaned at the age of ten, and brought up by his maternal uncle, Amiruddin Tyabji, and childless aunt, Hamida Begum, in a middle-class household in Khetwadi, Mumbai. Another uncle was Abbas Tyabji, well known Indian freedom fighter. Salim Ali was introduced to the serious study of birds by W. S. Millard, secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) who helped him identify an unusually coloured sparrow that he had shot for sport. Millard identified it as a Yellow-throated Sparrow, and showed him around the Society's collection of stuffed birds. This was a key event in his life and led to Salim's pursuit of a career in ornithology, an unusual career choice in those days. Salim Ali's cousin Humayun Abdulali also became an ornithologist.
Salim Ali's early education was at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Following a difficult first year in college, he dropped out and went to Tavoy, Burma to look after the family Wolfram (Tungsten) mining and timber interests there. The forests surrounding this area provided an opportunity for Ali to hone his naturalist (and hunting) skills. On his return to India in 1917, he resumed his education, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (Honors) degree in Zoology. He married a distant relation, Tehmina in 1918.Ali failed to get an ornithologist's position at the Zoological Survey of India due to lack of sufficient academic qualifications. He however decided to study further after he was hired as guide lecturer in 1926 at the newly opened natural history section in the Prince of Wales Museum in Mumbai. He went on study leave in 1928 to Germany, where he trained under Professor Erwin Stresemann at the Zoological Museum of Berlin University.
On his return to India in 1930, he discovered that the guide lecturer position had been eliminated due to lack of funds. Unable to find a suitable job, Salim Ali and Tehmina moved to Kihim, a coastal village near Mumbai, where he began making his first observations of the Baya Weaver. The publication of his findings on the bird in 1930 brought him recognition in the field of ornithology.Ali undertook systematic bird surveys of the princely states, Hyderabad, Cochin, Travancore, Gwalior, Indore and Bhopal, under the sponsorship of the rulers of those states. He was aided in his surveys by advice from Hugh Whistler. Salim wrote "My chief interest in bird study has always been its ecology, its life history under natural conditions and not in a laboratory under a microscope. By travelling to these remote, uninhabited places, I could study the birds as they lived and behaved in their habitats."Hugh Whistler also introduced Salim to Richard Meinertzhagen and the two made an expedition into Afghanistan. Although Meinertzhagen had very critical views of him, they continued to remain good friends. Salim Ali found nothing amiss in Meinertzhagen's bird works but later studies have shown many of his studies to be fraudulent. Meinertzhagen later made his diary entries available to Salim and reproduced in his autobiographical Fall of a Sparrow.
Although recognition came late, he received numerous awards, some of which are
Awards

Padma Bhushan (1958)

Union Medal of the British Ornithologists' Union, a rarity for non-British citizens (1967)

The John C. Phillips Medal for Distinguished Service in International Conservation, from the World Conservation Union (1969)

Padma Vibhushan (1976)

J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize of the World Wildlife Fund (1976)

Commander of the Netherlands Order of the Golden Ark (1986)

He was elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1958. He also received three honorary doctorates and was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 1985.
Dr. Salim Ali died in 1987 at the age of 91 after a prolonged battle with prostate cancer.

Aruna Asaf Ali

2008-12-29T19:31:00.000-08:00

Aruna Asaf Ali, who has died aged 86, was a legendary heroine of India's freedom struggle. She was first a member of the Socialist Party and then of the Communist Party of India, with a seat on its central committee. Although she drifted apart from the Communists, she remained a committed leftist. Even in later years of declining health, she remained a respected figure on the Indian political firmament, which explains the outpouring of grief over her death.
Remarkably, until the 1942 Quit India Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Indian nation, Aruna Asaf Ali was entirely apolitical, though she was married to a prominent Congress leader of undivided India, who subsequently served as Nehru's ambassador to the United States and as governor of Orissa state. The summer of 1942 changed all that.

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Horace Gundry Alexander

2008-12-29T19:08:00.000-08:00

Born :July 30, 1889(1889-07-30)Croydon, England
Died: September 30, 1989 (aged 100)Pennsylvania, USA
Occupation: Pacifist, ornithologist
Nationality: British
Genres : Non-fiction
Subjects Ornithology, Quakerism, Gandhi, India

He was born in Croydon, England and studied at King's College, Cambridge University, and taught at Woodbrooke, a Quaker college in Birmingham from 1919 to 1944. His first wife, Olive Graham, died in 1942, and in 1958 he married Rebecca Bradbeer, an American Quaker. After ten years they moved to Pennsylvania, United States where he spent the remaining twenty years of his life. He was also, for the first ten years, a Governor of Leighton Park School, a leading Quaker school in England. He died of a gastrointestinal illness at Crosslands, a Quaker retirement community in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania.
Alexander was a life-long dedicated and gifted birdwatcher, keenly involved in the twentieth century movements for the protection and observation of birds. Along with his two younger brothers, Wilfred and Christopher, he took a keen interest in nature. Growing up in a Quaker home devoid of any other forms of entertainment, he found an interest in birds starting at the age of eight when his older brother Gilbert presented him a book on natural history. It was not until he was 20 that he obtained his first pair of binoculars. He was one of a small group of amateur birdwatchers who developed the skills and set new standards for combining the pleasures of birdwatching with the satisfaction of contributing to ornithological science. He made many significant observations, mainly in Britain but also in India and the United States, and was well respected for his work.
Horace spent most of his time in India and became interested in its birds in 1927. Ornithology at that time was not popular among Indians in India and when Horace informed Gandhi of an expedition, Gandhi commented, "That is a good hobby, provided you don't shoot them." Horace demonstrated the use of binoculars as an acceptable alternative to the gun and carried them at most times. Horace Alexander joined Sidney Dillon Ripley on an expedition to the Naga hills in 1950. He also associated himself with a group of birdwatchers in New Delhi and encouraged Indian ornithologists such as Usha Ganguli. Many of his notes were lost when one of his suitcases was lost in India in 1946.
He was also a founder member of the West Midland Bird Club, and its president, during his long residence in Birmingham, England.
Bird related notes
(1974): What leads to increases in the range of certain birds? JBNHS. 71(3), 571-576.
(1952): Birds attacking their reflections. JBNHS. 50(3), 674-675.
(1948): The status of the Dusky Willow-Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth)] in India. JBNHS. 47(4), 736-739.
(1948): White-winged Wood-Duck Asarcornis scutulatus (Mueller) on the Padma River, East Bengal. JBNHS. 47(4), 749.
(1949): The Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus (Linn.) in Orissa. JBNHS. 48(2), 367-368. (1949): Whitecapped Redstart Chaimarrhornis leucocephalus (Vigors) feeding on berries. JBNHS. 48(4), 806.
(1950): Some notes on the genus Phylloscopus in Kashmir. JBNHS. 49(1), 9-13.
(1950): Possible occurrence of the Black Tern Chlidonias niger (L.) near Delhi. JBNHS. 49(1), 120-121.
(1950): Field identification of birds. JBNHS. 49(1), 123-124.
(1950): Kentish Plovers Leucopolius alexandrinus (Linn.) at Bombay. JBNHS. 49(2), 311. (1950): Large Grey Babbler attacking metal hub-cap of wheel of car. JBNHS. 49(3), 550. (1953): Rednecked Phalarope near Delhi. JBNHS. 51(2), 507-508.
(1957): Bird life of Madhya Pradesh. JBNHS. 54(3), 768-769.
(1949): The birds of Delhi and District. JBNHS. 48(2), 370-372.
(1951): Some notes on birds in Lahul. JBNHS. 49(4), 608-613.
(1972): On revisiting Delhi. NLBW. 12(9), 1-3.
(1972): Nest building of the Baya Weaver Bird. NLBW. 12(9), 12.
(1964): Return to Delhi. NLBW. 4(1), 1-3.
(1929): Some birds seen in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean. Ibis, 12 5(1), 41-53. (1952): Identifying birds of prey in the field. BBOC 72, 55-61.
(1931): Shearwaters in the Arabian Sea. Ibis, 13 1(3), 579-581.
(1955): Field notes on some Asian leaf warblers. British Birds. 48, 293-299,349-356.
(1952): Letter to the Editor. Ibis 94(2), 369-370.
(1969): Some Notes on Asian Leaf-Warblers (Genus Phylloscopus). Private/TRUEXpress, Oxford. 31 pages.
(1952): with Abdulali,H Ardeidae with red legs. Ibis 94, 363.

Alexander's father-in-law John William Graham believed that Gandhi was a subversive and that the Indians were unprepared for self-government. However at an annual Quaker meeting in 1930, the Nobel prize winning poet Rabindranath Tagore attacked the British rule in India. The Quakers were disturbed by the address and John Graham was particularly outraged. After the meeting, it was agreed that a representative would be sent to India to attempt a reconciliation of the Viceroy, Lord Irwin and Gandhi. This task was assigned to Horace Alexander. He later became a close friend of Gandhi (who, in 1942, described Alexander as "one of the best English friends India has") and wrote extensively about his philosophy.
He was consulted by Richard Attenborough in the making of the film Gandhi, but felt that the scripts did not do justice to the people around Gandhi.
In 1984 he was awarded the Padma Bhushan medal, the highest honour given to a non-Indian civilian.

Javed Akhtar

2008-12-29T18:20:00.001-08:00

Son of well-known Urdu poet and film lyricist Jan Nisar Akhtar and Safia Akhtar, teacher and writer, Javed Akhtar belongs to a family lineage that can be traced back to seven generations of writers. The highly respected Urdu poet, Majaz was his mother’s brother and the work of Muzter Khairabadi, his grandfather, is looked upon as a milestone in Urdu Poetry.
Born : 17 Jan 1945
Javed Akhtar's body of work can be categorized under three distinct categories:
a) Script Writer b) Lyricist c) Poet

Alongwith his ex-partner, Salim, he scripted super hits like, 'Zanjeer', 'Deewar',' Sholay', 'Haathi Mere Saathi', 'Seeta Aur Geeta', 'Don', 'Trishul', etc. Salim-Javed as a writer-duo gave to and to Indian Cinema the memorable persona of the ‘Angry Young Man’.

After the split from his partner Salim (in 1981), he has written a list of successful films, notable amongst them are; 'Sagar', 'Mr. India', 'Betaab', 'Arjun' and Lakshya etc.

AWARDS:
FOR FILMS
National Awards for Best Lyricist, five times.
Film Fare Award for Best Script seven times.
Film Fare Award for Best Lyricist seven times.
Screen Award for Best Lyricist four times.
Zee Award for Best Lyricist, five times.
IIFA Award for Best Lyricist three times.
Sansui Viewers Choice Award four times.

AWARDS FOR ACTIVISM
Padmashri in 1999 by the Government of India, given to eminent citizens for excellence in their field and distinguished contribution to society.
Avadh Ratan from Government of Uttar Pradesh in 2000.
National Integration Award from All India Anti-Terrorist Association 2001.
National Integration Award from Mewar Foundation 2001.
Nagrik Samman by Mayor of Bhopal 2002 amongst countless other awards.

UNIVERSITIES addressed
Harvard University – Keynote speaker on Secular element in Urdu poetry.
Columbia University – Keynote speaker on Social Justice and Communal Harmony.
University of Mary Land – Keynote speaker on Forces to counter fundamentalism.
Berkeley Califonia – India Politics & Divisive Forces
University of London – Modern Urdu Poetry
University of Cambridge – Indian Society – Indian Cinema
University of Oxford – Indian Cinema & New Icons.
Jawahar Lal Nehru University
Aligarh Muslim University
Vishwa Bharati University
Javed Akhtar started writing Urdu poetry in 1980. His first collection of Nazms and Ghazals entitled, ‘TARKASH' has had a very successful release in 1995. It is already in its ninth edition in Hindi, and fifth edition in Urdu. It has received rave reviews both as a book and as India's first audio book (available on cassettes and CD) brought out by PLUS MUSIC. The audio book has sold more than a hundred thousand copies.
Dr. David Matthews, formerly Senior Lecturer in Urdu and Nepali at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London University have translated TARKASH in English. The book, entitled as "QUIVER" was released by Prof. Amartya Sen. TARKASH was translated in Bengali by the noted Bengali author Sunil Gangopadhyaya. The book is also translated into Gujarati. The celebrated painter M.F. Husain has painted sixteen canvases based on Javed Akhtar's poems in Tarkash.
Javed Akhtar has written a large number of poems against communalism, social injustice, National Integration and for Women's Rights. Ministry of Human Resource Development has declared his song, beckoning the misguided youth to come forward and build the country, the National Anthem for Youth in 1995.
On the initiative of President Abdul Kalam, Javed Akhtar has written five poems on the Indian flag. Pandit Jasraj, Pandit Shiv Kumar Sharma, Ustad Zakir Hussain, L Subramaniam and E Srinivas have interpreted these musically.
Two books “Talking Films” & “Talking Songs” published by Oxford University Press have featured Javed Akhtar in conversation with Nasreen Munni Kabir a London based journalist. These have been hailed by film critics as the most definitive works on Indian Cinema. “Talking Songs” also carry translations of 60 Javed Akhtar’s songs.
He is a founder member of the respected Muslim Intelligentsia-a group that has been vocal against fundamentalism of all hues and seeks to lead the Muslims to concentrate on education and women's rights.
On the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti 2nd October 2003 Javed Akhtar released the declaration of MUSLIMS FOR SECULAR DEMOCRACY. MFSD, of which Javed Akhtar is president, was formed after consultation with large numbers of organizations and intellectuals from all sections of society. MFSD has not only taken a secular, liberal and progressive stand, but to a great extent has succeeded in building a consensus on controversial issues of Muslims such as Uniform Civil Code, Triple Talaq, Haj Subsidy etc. It is heartening to note that MFSD has found support amongst both Teachers and Students Associations of Aligarh Muslim University. Chapters of MFSD have been launched in cities like Aligarh, Allahabad, Lucknow, Kanpur and Mumbai. It is an ongoing process.
He is an active member of “Citizens for Justice and Peace”. CJP is an organization for eleven people that has kept the Gujarat Genocide issue alive and has taken Gujarat government to court.
India Today a weekly magazine equal to Time and News Week has included Javed Akhtar’s name in a list of 50 Most Powerful people in the Country.
Javed Akhtar is an avid reader with a keen interest in politics. His poetry reflects both his political awareness and his literary concerns.
He is married to Shabana Azmi, India's most respected actress and social activist and Ex-Member of Parliament.

official website : Click Here

Begum Akhtar

2008-12-29T17:58:00.001-08:00

Begum Akhtar
The Legend (1914 - 1974)
The legendary name of Begum Akhtar is synonymous with the thumri, ghazal and dadra forms of Indian classical music. To lovers and connoisseurs of these traditional forms, her name has a special significance, for the likes of Begum Akhtar are rarely born.
A pioneer in the field of Indian light classical music, Begum Sahiba introduced these at a concert level both in India and abroad. Sensuous romanticism is the very essence of these singing forms. Their rendition calls for a great deal of talent and imagination on the part of the singer to depict their lyrical fineries and musical subtleties. Begum Akhtar possessed all these qualities and more.

Her Music
Begum Akhtar's supreme artistry in the Thumri, Ghazal & Dadra musical forms had it's moorings in the tradition of pure classicism. This could be explained by the fact that the Begum Sahiba received her initial training from Ustads who were classical maestros in their own right. This also explains her penchant for setting her light classical repertoire to essentially classical tunes.
What set Begum Akhtar apart was the hypnotic quality of her voice and authenticity of style. The notes which she produced were so limpid, so hauntingly sweet that the audience was immediately captivated. She had the uncanny knack of choosing the right kind of ghazal, adorning it with a befitting tune and rendering it so endearingly that her every note would grip the hearts of the audience.

The Beginnings
Begum Akhtar was born in the small town of Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, on the 7th of October, 1914. She was barely seven when she was captivated by the music of Chandabai, an artist of a moving theatrical company. Soon she embarked on her musical carrier receiving initial training under the great sarangi exponent from Patna, Ustad Imdad Khan. She then received training from classical stalwarts like Ata Mohammad Khan of Patiala and Abdul Wahid Khan of the Kirana gharana. She later became a disciple of Ustad Jhande Khan.
Her first public performance at the age of fifteen took listeners by storm. Those who heard her acknowledged her to be a singer of great promise. From that day she came to be known as Akhtari Faizabadi. The famous poetess Sarojini Naidu appreciated her singing during one such concert and this encouraged her to continue singing Ghazals with more enthusiasm. She also cut her first disc for the Megaphone Recording Company at this time.
In due course, age brought about changes in her voice and style. Maturity and experience lend grace to an artist's presentation and make it blossom forth in its full beauty. No wonder, Begum Akhtar soon reached the heights of fame and popularity. The one - time Akhtari Faizabadi now came to be known as Begum Akhtar. 'Real beauty can weather any storm!' This adage was especially true in her case. During recitals whenever she reached a high note her voice would crack. Strangely enough this was considered by connoisseurs as the highlight of her recital. The audience would wait eagerly for that delicious crack in her voice.

The Inspirations
Begum Akhtar's real aptitude had always been for thumri, ghazal and dadra in which she was destined to be peerless. She was inspired to achieve her goal by two stalwarts. One was Jaddan Bai, a noted disciple of the great Maujuddin Khan (and mother of the late celebrated actress, Nargis). The second was the equally noted Barkat Ali Khan the gifted brother of Bade Gulam Ali Khan.
She was later influenced by her husband, Mr. Ishtiaq Abbasi, a Lucknow barrister and a great connoisseur of Urdu poetry and music. He helped her acquire a literary appreciation of the great gazals of Ghalib, Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Jigar Moradabadi, all of whom she sang with passion. He is also said to be responsible for a hiatus she took from music after marriage in 1945 until 1949.
Awards

She received the Sangeet Natak Akademi award for vocal music as well as a Padma Shri. She was posthumously awarded the Padma Bhushan.
Today her name is almost synonymous with the concept of ghazal gayaki, and her imitable style of singing which immortalized her, and gave her the title of Mallika-e-Ghazal (Queen of Ghazals).

The End
The youthful exuberance she revealed until her death at 60, compelled special admiration in her countless votaries.Death came to Begum Akhtar on the performing stage on the night of October 30, 1974.The place

Post source : Click Here

Mian Bashir Ahmed

2008-12-29T17:21:00.001-08:00

Mian Bashir Ahmed
Hazrat Mian Bashir Ahmed Laaravi, Naqashbani, Majjaddadi is highly known religious, pious, social personality of Jammu and Kashmir.
He was born in November 1923 at Wanghat, Kangan in Kashmir, is a spiritual leader and religious personality and his followers are to be found not only in India and Pakistan but in Arab countries and Europe as well.
His full name (and titles) are Sajjada-Nasheen Zayaarat Baba Jee Sahib Laarvi, of Wangat Kashmir, where his father Hazrat Mian Nizam Din Laarvi(RH) and grandfather Hazrat Baba Jee Sahib Laaravi(RH) lay to rest.
He proselytise the doctrines of Naqshbandiyya, Qadria order of Sufism to his followers through Bayyet.
His popularity can be gauged from an account that during the summer of 2004 he visited Pakistan, crossing Wagah border by foot, where he was met by two hundred thousand people who were waiting desperately to take a glance.
While on a pilgrimage to his ancestral (sufi) saint's mausoleum, in Kayyan shareef, Hazara Pakistan during period of General Zia Ul Haq, he was followed by huge masses and Pakistani officials, in wake of his political influence in Indian side of Jammu and Kashmir considered it a security risk and the Pakistani army was deployed He was not allowed to go to the mausoleum. As a result he renounced politics saying "I say bye to this politics, which stood between me and my Hazraat."
He performed the Hajj twice, and has no affiliation to any political party, though he has been approached by political leaders.
He has been elected four times to the State Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir.He was closely associated with Shiekh Mohammad Abdullah, Mir Qasim and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad and was a minister in their cabinets. He has been closely associated with various top leaders in India including Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Rajeev Gandhi, Shiekh Mohammed Abdullah and others.
He has worked tirelessly for poors, nomads, to make them them educationally conscious, socially alert and politically vibrant.
During 1965 and 1971 India-Pak conflict he worked for peace and prosperity of the State and helped rehabilitate people in the tribal and border belts of Jammu and Kashmir. During the course of ongoing insurgency since 1989 he worked to eradicate misconceptions between various communities.
Mian Bashir Ahmed represented the country in the United Nations to argue for peace in Kashmir. He has headed Indian delegations to international forums.
There are hundreds of accounts that, whether it was spiritual power or what,any matter he intervened in, no matter how controversial, complex it was, how the circumstances were, how influential the opponents were, he always stood like an unshakeable mountain ,what come may ,till the matter settled as just and justified.
It is known that he has been a great horse-rider during young age. His eyes often moves into tears when talking about ancestors, and gives great respects to sayings of figures of lineage from whom he inherited the fortunes of Sufism and all.
One Account confirming his respects to saying of his ancestors is: From account of a person: In mid fifty's when Hazrat was on a visit of Rajouri with his father a great spiritual personality Hazrat Mian Nizam Din Laarvi, at that time person who expresses the account was in jail, and there were thousands of people gathered to meet their two Hazrats, that person's wife went to Hz. Nizam Din saying of her husband laying in jail. Hazrat Mian Bashir was sitting beside his father and father said to his son, "Bashir take care of my this daughter". After that, time came and passed by, that person came out of jail, and continued to remain a face in crowd. That person says after around five decades he visited Hazrat in Jammu and Hazrat asked him:"How is my sister?" then Hazrat explained of why he called her "sister", recalling the whole event
This is his mindfulness that he is always surrounded by masses and each conceives that Hazrat loves him the most.
At his residence (Srinagar in summer) and (Jammu in winter) .His hospitality can be imagined from that: always hundreds of people use to be present there, came from various walk of life with different purposes and Hazrat takes meal after the person responsible for that comes and reports that each and every guest has taken his/her meal.
He was awarded Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award, by the government of India on 26th jan 2008 for his contribution to the society.
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President-elect Obama's Statement on Job Loss

2008-12-29T08:04:00.000-08:00

The 533,000 jobs lost last month, the worst job loss in 34 years, is more than a dramatic reflection of the growing economic crisis we face. Each of those lost jobs represents a personal crisis for a family somewhere in America. Our economy has already lost nearly 2 million jobs during this recession, which is why we need an Economic Recovery Plan that will save or create at least 2.5 million more jobs over two years while we act decisively to maintain the flows of credit on which so many American families and American businesses depend. There are no quick or easy fixes to this crisis, which has been many years in the making, and it's likely to get worse before it gets better. But now is the time to respond with urgent resolve to put people back to work and get our economy moving again. At the same time, this painful crisis also provides us with an opportunity to transform our economy to improve the lives of ordinary people by rebuilding roads and modernizing schools for our children, investing in clean energy solutions to break our dependence on imported oil, and making an early down payment on the long-term reforms that will grow and strengthen our economy for all Americans for years to come.

Posting Source : Click Here

H.P.S. Ahluwalia

2008-12-29T07:35:00.000-08:00

Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia is an Indian mountaineer . He climbed Mt Everest on 29 May 1965.
In 1965 Indo Pak war he was injured and confined to the wheel chair.He set up Indian Spinal Injury Society in 1993.He was awarded Padma Bhushan award in 2002.
Major Ahluwalia is also the chairman of Rehabilitation Council of India and is a recipient of several awards like Padma Sri, Arjuna award, National Award for the best work done in the field of Disability, order of the Khalsa (Nissan A Khalsa).
He has written several books like ‘Higher than Everest’, ‘Beyond the Himalayas’, ‘Everest is within you’.

Gary Leonard Ackerman

2008-12-29T07:18:00.000-08:00

Gary Leonard Ackerman (born November 19, 1942) is presently serving his thirteenth term in the United States House of Representatives. Ackerman represents the Fifth Congressional District of New York, encompassing the North Shore of Long Island, including West and Northeast Queens and Northern Nassau County. It includes areas like Corona, Flushing, Jamaica Estates, Bayside, Whitestone, Douglaston, and Little Neck in Queens, as well as Great Neck, Sands Point, Port Washington, Searingtown, Albertson, Manhasset, and Roslyn in Nassau County.
Biography

Congressman Ackerman was first elected to Congress in a special election of 1983. Born in Brooklyn to Eva and Max Ackerman,[1] Ackerman was raised in Flushing, Queens. He attended local public schools, Brooklyn Technical High School and graduated from Queens College in 1965. After college, Ackerman became a New York City School teacher where he taught social studies, mathematics, and journalism to junior high school students in Queens.
Following the birth of his first child in 1969, Ackerman petitioned the New York City Board of Education for an unpaid leave of absence to spend time with his newborn daughter. But his request was denied under then existing policy which reserved unpaid "maternity-child care" leave to women only.
In what was to be a forerunner of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, then teacher Ackerman successfully sued the Board in a landmark case which established the right of either parent to receive unpaid leave for child care. A quarter of a century later, now a Congressman, Ackerman in the House-Senate Conference Committee, signed the report of the Family and Medical Leave Act which became the law of the land.
Ackerman's second career move occurred in 1970, when he left teaching to start a weekly community newspaper in Queens called The Flushing Tribune which soon became the Queens Tribune. Ackerman served as its editor and publisher.
Ackerman was first elected to public office — the New York State Senate — in 1978. State Senator Ackerman was then elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1983 in a special election. Ackerman represented the central Queens area until 1992, when reapportionment reconfigured his district to the north shore of Queens, Nassau and Suffolk Counties. Then redistricting in 2002 slightly redrew the boundaries again to its present configuration of communities in Queens and Nassau County.
Ackerman, who sports a white carnation boutonnière each day, lives on a houseboat named the Unsinkable II while in Washington, D.C. and otherwise resides in Roslyn Heights in Nassau County with his wife Rita, having moved there from a home in Jamaica Estates, Queens that sold for US$1 million in 2008.[2] The Ackermans have three children: Lauren, who married Paul; Corey, who married Lena; and Ari.[citation needed] Representative Ackerman is an amateur photographer, an avid stamp collector and a boating enthusiast. Ackerman is an Eagle Scout.
At the 2006 meeting of the International Council of Jewish Parliamentarians (ICJP), Ackerman was unanimously elected to serve as the executive of the organization.

A. Ramachandran

2008-12-29T06:19:00.000-08:00

A. Ramachandran is a renowned Indian painter, born in 1935 in Attingal, Kerala. In 2002, he was elected a Fellow of the Lalit Kala Akademi, the highest honour in art conferred by the Government of India; three years later, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India’s third highest civilian honour, for outstanding service to the nation.
In 1957, he obtained his Master's degree in Malayalam literature, but art had remained a continuing interest since childhood. He joined Kala Bhavan, Santiniketan and completed his education in art in 1961. Between 1961 and 1964, he did his doctoral thesis on the mural paintings of Kerala. By the mid-60s, he had moved to Delhi and in 1965 he joined Jamia Milia Islamia as a lecturer in art education. Later, he became a professor in the same department and was attached to the university until his voluntary retirement in 1992. In 1991, he was appointed honorary chairman of Kerala Lalit Kala Akademi, and in 2005 became Professor Emeritus at Jamia Millia Islamia University.
Initially, Ramachandran painted in an expressionist style which poignantly reflected the angst of urban life. The paintings were large, akin to murals, and comprised powerful figuration. By the 1980s however, Ramachandran's work underwent a sea-change. Urban reality was no longer a preoccupation. A tribal community in Rajasthan with its vibrant ethos gripped his imagination. Simultaneously, the colours and forms of the murals in the Kerala temples began to influence his mode of expression. Myths became a great resource for him. The first in this new style was ‘Yayati’, a retelling of this story from the Indian epic Mahabharata. It was conceived as the inner shrine of a Kerala temple, with thirteen bronze sculptures surrounded on three sides by painted murals, 60 by 8 feet in total size.
As a painter, his strong command over lines, colours and forms create an exciting visual drama. Ramachandran's canvases are vibrant with a sense of teeming, burgeoning life. The artist's quirky sense of irony imbues his paintings with a piquancy and feeling of new discoveries. And, as one who considered Ramkinkar Baij as his guru, Ramachandran has created sculptures which are even more intriguing in formal terms than his paintings.
In 2003, the National Gallery of Modern Art (New Delhi) organized a major retrospective of his work. A comprehensive two-volume book ‘A Ramachandran: A Retrospective’ (by Prof. Siva Kumar) documenting and analyzing his works was released simultaneously.
Ramachandran is the author of an extensive study on Kerala temple murals (‘Abode of Gods: Mural Traditions of Kerala’).
He designed the granite bas-relief sculpture at the Rajiv Gandhi Memorial at Sriperumbudur, near Chennai, Tamilnadu, completed in 2003. It extends for 125 feet and has a height of nearly 20 feet.
Although known largely for his grand paintings and sculptures, he has written and illustrated numerous picture books for children that have been published in India, Japan, Britain and the United States. Some of the original illustrations from these books are on permanent display at the Museum of Children’s Books at Miyazaki, Japan.
Ramachandran lives and works in New Delhi. He is married to artist Tan Yuan Chameli.

MARATHI

2008-12-25T21:18:00.001-08:00

MARATHI
PAPER I
Answers must be Written in marathi
SECTION A
Language and Aolk lore
Nature and Function of Language with reference to Marathi
Language and parole Basic function poetic language Standard Language and dialect Language variation accordind to social parametres
Linguistic features of Marathi in thirteenth century and seventeenth century
dialects of Marathi Ahirani Dangi
Marathi Grammar Paris of Speech Saste system prayogvichar Voice
natrre and kinde of Folk Lore ewith specical reference to Marathi Lok Gheet Lok Khata Lok Natya
SECFION B
History of literature and literatry Criticsm
History Marathi Literature
From Beingining to1818 AD with special reference to the following
the Mahanubhava Writers the varkari poets the pandit poes the shahris Bhakar literature
From 1850to1990 wirh special reference th development in the folloiwng Major forms Potery ficition Novel and short story Drama and major and literary curents and movements Romantid Realist Modernist Dalit graminn Feminist
Literary Criticism]nature and function Literature
Evaluation of literatureb
Nature objectives and method critcism
literature Culdture and society

PAPER II
Answer must be written in Marathi
Textual study of prescribed literary Works
The paper Will require first Hand readind of the text Prescribed and will be desinged to text tdhe Candidate critical ability
SECTION A
Prose
Smritisala
mahatma jobita pule shetkaryacha asud sarva janik satyadharma
SV khetkar brayamanl\khanya
(4)P.K. Atre 'Sashtang Namaskar'
(5) Sharchchandra Muktibodh 'Jana Hey Volatu Jethe
(6) Uddhav Shelke 'Shilan'
(7) Baburao Bagul 'Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti'
(8) Gouri 'Deshpande Ekek Paan Galavaya’
(9) P.I. Sonkable 'Athavaninche Pakshi'
SECTION B
poetry
(1) Namadevanchi Abhangavani Ed. Inamdar Relekar Mirajkar Modern Book Depot, Pune
(2) 'Painjan' Ed. M.N. Adwant, Sahitya Prasar Kendra, Nagpur
(3) 'Damayanti Swayamvar' By Ragunath Pandit
(4) 'Balakvinchi Kavita' by Balkavi
(5) 'Vishakha' By Kusumagraj
(6) 'Mridgandh' by Vinda Karandikar
(7) 'Jahirnama' by Narayan Surve
(8) 'Sandhyakalchya Kavita' By Grace
(9) 'Ya Sattet Jeev Ramat Nahi' By Namdev Dhasal

MANIPURI

2008-12-25T21:17:00.001-08:00

Science & Space

2008-12-22T20:48:00.001-08:00

Large Hadron Collider
New Dwarf Planet Approved
Massive Deposits Of Subsea Methane
Key To Evolution Of Universe Found
Largest Know Prime Found
World’s Thinnest Balloon Created
Falcon 1 Flight 4 Rocket Launched

MALAYALAM

2008-12-21T23:28:00.001-08:00

PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Malayalam
Section-A
Unit 1 Early phase of Malayalam Language:
1.1 Various theories : origin from proto Dravidian , Tamil Sanskrit.
1.2 Relation between Tamil and Malyalam : Six nayas of A.R. Rajarajavarma.
1.3 Pattu school – definition , Ramacharitam , later pattu works – Niranam works and Krishnagatha.
Unit 2- Linguistic features of :
2.1 Manipravalam- definition Language of early manipravala works – Champu, Sandesakavya, Chandrotsava, minor works, Later Manipravala works – medieval Champu and Attakkatha.
2.2 Folklore – Southern and Northern ballads, Mappila songs.
2.3 Early Malayalam prose- Bhashakautaliyam, Brahmandapuranam, Attaprakaram, Kramadipika and nambian- tamil.
Unit 3- Satandardisation of Malayalam :
3.1 Peculiarities of the language of Pana , Kilippattu and Tullal.
3.2 Contributions of indigenous and European missionaries to Malayalam.
3.3 Characteristics of contemporary Malayalam : Malayalam as administravie language. Language of scientific and technical literature- media language.
Section-B
Literary History
Unit 4- Ancient and Medheval Literature :
4.1 Pattu – Ramacharitam, Niranam works and Krishnagatha.
4.2 Manipravalam- early and medieval manipravala works including attakkatha and champu.
4.3 Folk literature .
4.4 Kilippattu, Tullal and mahakavya.
Unit 5- Modern Literature – Poetry
5.1 Venmani poets and contemporaries.
5.2 The advent of Romanticism Poetry of Kavitraya i.e. Asan, Ulloor and Vallathol
5.3 Poetry after Kavtraya.
5.4 Modernism in Malayalam poetry.
Unit 6- Modern Literature – Prose
6.1 Drama
6.2 Novel
6.3 Short story
6.4 Biography , travelogue , essay and criticiam.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Malayalam
This paper will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed and is designed to test candidate’s critical ability.
Section –A
Unit-1
1.1 Ramacharitam- Patalam 1.
1.2 Kannassaramayanam- Balakandam first 25 stanzas.
1.3 Unnunilisandesam- Purvabhagam 25 slokas including Prastavana
1.4 Mahabharatham Kilippattu- Bhishmaparvam..
Unit-2
2.1 Kumaran Asan – Chintavisthayaya Sita.
2.2 Vailoppolli- Kutiyozhikkal.
2.3 G. Sankara Kurup- Perunthachan.
2.4 N. V. Krishna Variar- Tivandiyile Patte.
Unit-3
3.1 ONV- Bhumikkoru Charamagitam
3.2 Ayyappa Panicker – Kurukshetram.
3.3Akkitteam- Pandathe Messanthi
Attur Ravivaram- Megharupan.
Section-B
Unit-4
4.1 O. Chanthu Menon- Indulekha
4.2 Thakazhy – Chemmin.
4.3 O.V. Vijayan- Khasakkinte Ithihasam.
Unit- 5
5.1 M.t.Vasudevan Nair- Vanaprastham (Collection)
5.2 N.S. Madhavan- Higvitta (Collection)
5.3 C.J.Thomas – 1128-il Crime 27
Unit-6
6.1 Kuttikrishna marar- Bharataparyatanam
6.2 M.K. Sanu- Nakshatrangalute Snehabhajanam
6.3 V.T. Bhattathirippad – Kannirum Kinavum.

KONKANI

2008-12-21T23:24:00.001-08:00

PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Konkani
Section –A
History of Konkani Language:
(i) Origin and development of the language & Influences on it.
(ii) Major variants of Konkani & their linguistic features.
(iii) Grammatical and lexicographic work in Konkani , including a study of cases, adverbs , indeclinables and voices.
(iv) Old Standard Konkani , New Standard & standardization Problems.
Section –B
History of Konkani Literature :
Candidates would be expected to be well acquainted with Konkani literature and its social and cultural background and consider the problems and issues arising out of them.
(i) History of Konkani literature from its probable source to the present times , with emphasis on its major works , writers and movements.
(ii) Social and cultural background of the making Konkani literature from time to time.
(iii) India and Western influences on Konkani literature from the earliest to modern times .
(iv) Modern literary trends in the various genres and regions including a study of Konkani folklore.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Konkani
Textual Criticism of Konkani Literature
The paper will be designed to test candidate’s critical and analytical abilities. Candidates would be expected to be well –acquinted with Konkani Literature and required to have a first –hand reading of the following texts:
Section-A
Prose
1.(a) Konkani Mansagangotri (excluding poetry) ed. By Prof . olivinho Gomes
(b) Old Konkani language and literature –thd Portugtese Rold
2.(a) Otmo Denvcharak –a novdel by A.V. da Cruz.
(b) Vadoll ani Varem- A novel by Antonio Pareira.
(c) Devache Kurpen –a novel by V J P Saldanha.
3.(a) Vijralikhani Shenoy Goem – bab- An anthology –ed by Shantaram Varde Valavalikar.
(b) Konkani Lalit Niband – Essays –ed-by Shyam Verenkar
(c) Teen Dasakam – An I Anthology- ed. By Chandrakant Keni.
4.(a) Demand –Drama – by Pundalik Naik
(b) Kadambini-A miscellany of modern Prose – ed. By Prof . OJF Gomes & Smt. P.S. Tadkodkar.
(c) Ratha Tujeo Ghudieo – by Smt. Jayanti Naik.
Section-B
Poetry
1.(a) Ev ani Mori : Poetry by Eduardo Bruno de Souza.
(b) Abravanchem Yadnyadan- by Luis Mascarenhas.
2.(a) Godde Ramayan –ed , by R.K. Rao
(b) Ratnahar I & II- collection of poems- ed . R.V. Pandit.
3.(a) Zayo Zuyo-poems- Manohar L. Sardessai.
(b) Kanadi Mati Konkani Kavi- Anthology of Poems- ed Pratap Naik.
4.(a) Adrushatache Kalle- Poems by Pandurang Bhangui.
(b) Yaman- Poems by Madhav Borkar.

KASHMIRI

2008-12-21T23:04:00.001-08:00

PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Kashmhri
Section- A
1. Genealogical relationship of the Kashmiri Language : various theories.
2. Areas of occurrence and dialects (geographical / social)
3. Phonology and grammar:
(i)Vowel and consonant system;
(ii) Nouns and pronouns with various case inflections;
(iii) Verbs : various types and tenses.
4. Syntactic structure :
(i) Simple, active and declarative statements;
(ii) Coordination;
(iii)Relativsation.
Section-B
1. Kashmiri literature in the 14th century (Socio- cultural and intellectual background with special reference to Lal Dyad and Sheikhul Alam)
2. Nineteenth century Kashmiri literature (development of various genres: vatsun; ghazal; and mathnavi).
3. Kashmiri literature in the first half of the twentieth century (with special reference to Mahjooor and Azad; various literary influences).
4. Modern Kashmiri literature (with special reference to the development of the short story, drama , novel and nazm).
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Kashmiri
Section-A
1.Intensive study of Kashmiri poetry upto the nineteenth century.
(i) Lal Dyad
(ii) Sheikhul Aalam
(iii) Habba Khatoon
2.Kashmiri poetry : 19th Century
(i) Mahmood Gami (Vatsans)
(ii) Maqbool Shah (Gulrez)
(iii) Rasool Mir (Ghazals)
(iv) Abdul Ahad Nadim (N’at)
(v) Krishanjoo Razdn (Shiv Lagun)
(vi) Sufi Poets (Text in Sanglaab , published by the Deptt. Of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)
3. Twentieth Century Kashmiri poetry (text in Azich Kashir Shairi, published by the Deptt. Of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)
4. Literary criticism and research work : development and various trends.
Section –B
1.An analytical study of the short story in kashmiri.
(i) Afsana Majmu’a published by the Deptt. Of Kashmiri , University of Kashmir.
(ii) Kashur Afsana Az, published by the Sahitya Akademi
(iii) Hamasar Kashur Afsana , published by the Sahitya Akademi
The following short story writers only : Akhtar Mohi-ud- Din, Amin Kamil, Hari Krishan Kaul, Hraday Kaul Bharti, Bansi Nirdosh , Gulshan Majid.
2.Novel in Karhmiri
(i) mujrim by G.N. Fowhar
(ii) Larun- lvan llyibhun , (Kashmiri version of Tolstou’s The Death of lvan liyich (Published by Kashmiri Deptt).
3. Drama in kashmiri
(i) Natuk Kariv Band, by Hari krishan kaul
(ii) Ok Angy Natuk, ed, motilal Keemu. Published by Sahitya Akademi.
(iii) Razi Oedipus, tr. Naji Munawar, published by Sahitya Akademi.
4. Kashmiri Folk Literature:
(i) Kashur Luki Theatre by Mohammad Subhan Bhagat, published by Deptt. Of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir.
(ii) Kashiry Luki Beeth (all volumes) published by the J & K Cultural Academy.

KANNADA

2008-12-21T22:56:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Kannada
SECTION-A
A.History of Kannada Language – What is Language ? General characteristics of Language . Dravidian Family of Language and its specific features, Antiquity of Kannada Language , Different Phases of its Development .
Dialects of Kannada Language – Regional and Social Various aspects of development of Kannada Language – phonological and Semantic changes. Language borrowing .
B.History of Kannada Literature- Ancient Kannada literature- Influence and Trends . Poets for study- Specified poets from Pampa to Ratnakara Varni are to be studied in the light of contents , form and expression – Pampa , Janna, Nagachandra .
Medieval Kannada literature- Influence and Trends.
Vachana literature – Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi.
Medieval Poets- Harihara, Raghavanka, Kumar- Vyasa.
Dasa literature – Purandra and Kanaka. Sangataya- Ratnakaravarni.
C.Modern Kannada literature- Influence, trends and ideologies, Navodaya, Pragatishila, Navya, Dalita and Bandaya.
SECTION-B
A.Poetics and literary criticism- Definition and concepts of poetry- Word, Meaning , Alankara, Reeti, Rasa, Dhwani, Auchitya. Interpretations of Rasa Sutra . Modern Trends of literary criticism- Formalist , Historical , Marxist, Feminist, Post- colonial criticism.

B.Cultural History of Karnataka- Contribution of Dynasties to the culture of Karnataka- Chalukyas of Badami and kalyani , Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara rules , in literary context. Major religions of Karnataka and their cultural contributions.
Arts of Karnataka- Sculpture , Architecture ,Painting , Music, Dance-in the literary context.
Unification of Karnataka and its impact on Kannada literature.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Kannada
The paper will require first- hand reading of the Texts prescribed and will be designed to test the critical ability of the candidates.
SECTION-A
A. Old Kannada Literature:
1.Vikramaarjuna Vijaya of Pampa (cantos 12 & 13), (Mysore University Pub.)
2.Vaddaraadhane (Sukumaraswamyia Kathe, Vidyutchorana Kathe)
B.Medieval Kannada Literature:
1.Vachana Kammata, Ed. K. Marulasiddappa K. R. Nagaraj (Bangalore University Pub.)
2.Janapriya Kanakasamputa, Ed. D. Javare Gowda (Kannada and Culture Directorate Bangalore).
3.Nambiyannana Ragale, Ed. T. N. Sreekantaiah (Ta. Vem. Smaraka Grantha Male, Mysore).
4.Kumaravyasa Bharata- Karna Parva (Mysore University).
5.Bharatesha Vaibhava Sangraha, Ed. Ta. Su. Shama Rao (Mysore University).
SECTION-B
A.Modern Kannada Literature .
1.Poetry- Hosagannada Kavite, Ed, G.H Nayak (Kannada Saahitya Parishattu, Bangalore).
2.Novel- Bettada Jeeva- Shivarama Karanta Madhavi- Arupama Niranjana Odalaala- Devenuru Mahadeva.
3.Short Story- kannada Sanna Kathegalu, Ed. G. H. Nayak (Sahitya Academy , New Delhi).
4.Drama – Shudra Tapaswi- Kuvempu- Tughalak- Girish Karnad.
5.Vichara Saahitya- Devaru- A. N. Moorty Rao (Pub ; D.V.K. Moorty, Mysore).
B.Folk Literature:
1.Janapada Swaroopa- Dr. H.N. Nayak. (Ta Vem. Smaraka Grantha Male, Mysore).
2.Janapada Geetaanjaili – Ed. D. Javare Gowda. (Pub: Sahitya Academy, New Delhi.)
3.Kannada Janapada Kathegalu- Ed, J.S. Paramashivaiah, (Mysore university).
4.Beedi Makkalu Beledo, Ed, Kalegowda Nagavara (Pub : Bangalore University).
5.Savirada Ogatugalu- Ed. S. G. Imrapura.

HINDI

2008-12-21T22:41:00.001-08:00

PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Hindi
Part-A
History of Hindi Language and Nagari Lipi .
(i)Grammatical and applied forms of Apbhransh Awahatta & Arambhik Hindi.
(ii) Development of Braj and Awadhi as literary language during medieval period.
(iii) Early form of Khari- boli in Siddha- Nath Sahitya , Khusero, Sant Sahitaya, Rahim etc and Dakhni – Hindi.
(iv)Development of Khari- boli and Nagari Lipi during 19th Century.
(v) Standardisation of Hindi Bhasha & Nagari Lipi.
(vi) Development of Hindi as national Language during freedom movement.
(vii) The development of Hindi as a National Language of Union of India.
(viii) Scientific & Technical development of Hindi Language.
(ix) Prominent dialects of Hindi and their interrelationship.
(x) Salient features of Nagari Lipi and the efforts for its reform & Standard form of Hindi.
(xi)Grammatical structure of Standard Hindi.
Part- B
History of Hindi Literature.
(i) The relevance and importance of Hindi literature and tradition of writing History of Hindi Literature.
(ii) Literary trends of the following four periods of history of Hindi Literature.
A. Adikal- Sidh, Nath and Raso Sahitya. Prominent poets Chandvardai , Khusaro, Hemchandra, Vidyapati.
B.Bhaktikal – Sant Kavyadhara, Sufi Kavyadhara, Krishna Bhaktidhara and Ram Bhaktidhara.
Prominent Poets- Kabir, Jayasi, Soor & Tulsi.

(C) Ritikal- Ritikavya, Ritibaddhakavya & Riti Mukta Kavya.
Prominent Poets- Keshav , Bihari, Padmakar and Ghananand.
(D) Adhunik Kal- (a) Renaissance, the development of Prose, Bharatendu Mandal.
(b) Prominent Writers: Bharatendu, Bal Krishna Bhatt & Pratap Narain Mishra.
(c) Prominent trends of modern Hindi Poety- Chhayavad, Pragativad, Prayogvad, Nai Kavita, Navgeet and Contemporary poetry and Janvadi Kavita.
Prominent Poets – Maithili Sharan Gupta , Prasas, Nirala ,Mahadevi, Dinkar, Agyeya, Muktibodh , Nagarjun.
(iii)Katha Sahitya- (A) Upanyas & Realism, (B) The origin and development of Hindi Novels. (C) Prominent Novelists – Premchand, Jainendra, Yashpal , Renu and Bhism Sahani . (D) The origin and development of Hindi short story. (E) Prominent short story writers- Premchand, Prasad, Agyeya, Mohan Rakesh & Krishna Shobti.
(iv) Drama & Theatre- (A) The origin & Development of Hindi Drama.
(B) Prominent Dramatists – Bharatendu, Prasad, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Ram Kumar Verma , Mohan Rakesh.
(C) The development of Hindi Theature.
(v) Criticism- (A) The origin and development of Hindi criticism- Saiddhantik , Vyavharik , Pragativadi, Manovishleshanvadi & Nai Alochana.
(B) Prominent critics- Ramchandra Shukla. Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma & Nagendra.
(vi)The other forms of Hindi prose- Lalit Nibandh, Rekhachitra, Sansmaran, Yatra-vrittant.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Hindi
This paper will require first hand reading of prescribed texts and will test the critical ability of the candidates.
Part-I
1.Kabir- kabir Granthawali, Ed. Shyam Sundar Das (First hundred Sakhis).
2.Surdas- Bhramar Gitsar, Ed. Ramchandra Shukla (First hundred Padas)
3.Tulsidas- Ramcharit Manas (Sundar Kand) Kavitawali (Uttar Kand).
4.Jayasi- Padmawat, Ed. Shyam Sundar Das (Sinhal Dwip Khand & Nagmativiyog Khand).
5.Bihari- Bihari Ratnakar, Ed, Jagnnath Prasad Ratnakar (First 100 Dohas)
6.Maithili Sharan Gupta- Bharat Bharati.
7.Prasad- Kamayani (Chinta and Shraddha Sarg)
8.Nirala- Rag- Vir`g. Dd R`m Vhlas Sharma (Ram Ki Rhakti Ptja & Kukurmutta).
9.Dinkar- Kurushetra.
10.Agyeya- Angan Ke Per Dwar (Asadhya Vina)
11.Muktibodh – Brahma Rakshas
12.Nagarjun- Badal Ko Ghirte Dekha Hai, Akal Ke Bad, Harijan Gatha.
Part-II
1.Bharatendu- Bharat Durdasha
2.Mohan Rakesh – Ashad Ka Ek Din.
3.Ramchandra Shukla- Chintamani
(Part I)
(Kavita Kya Hai) Shraddha Aur Bhakti.
4.Dr. Satyendra- Nibandh Nilaya- Bal Krishna Bhatt, Premchand , Gulab Rai, Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma , Agyeya, Kuber Nath Rai.
5.Premchand- Godan – Premchand Ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan Ed. Amrit Rai.
Manjusha – Premchand Ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan Ed. Amrit Rai.
6.Prasad – Skandgupta
7.Yashpal – Divya.
8.Phaniswar Nath Renu- Maila Anchal.
9.Mannu Bhandari- Mahabhoj.
10.Rajendra Yadav- Ek Dunia Samanantar. (All Stories)

On Way To A Global MBA

2008-12-21T22:11:00.001-08:00

Qualifications
A preliminary degree is an undetachable requirement to pursue an MBA programme, it being a postgraduate degree. A fairly universal requirement, exceptions to this may occasionally be made for applicants to Executive MBA programmes, where the emphasis is more on work experience.
The MBA is a degree aimed at a move into management. It is a conversion degree. It intends to equip students with the tools and knowledge for a leap in the corporate sector. For an entry into the MBA programme, a good degree in any subject is acceptable A previous study of a business subject is not a prerequisite for such an entry but many schools now offer an accelerated track for students with a business degree.
An important point to bear in mind, however, is the numerical nature of the degree. As such MBA programmes are usually heavy on mathematics statistics and accounting . Students with limited mathematical skills may struggle . Leading global B-School require students to have previously studied quantitative disciplines , notably calculus. Most of these schools conduct pre-programme refresher courses in the quantitative domain . Those students who are below average in these areas should attend such courses prior to their enrolment for an MBA programme.
Work Experience
In all probabilities, the MBA is a post-experience qualification . In other words , business schools require applicants to have had some experience of work life before joining a programme. Similar to the first degree, this does not necessarily have to be business- related. Students having some experiences of life and inter-relationships can enliven and illuminate classroom discussions. This is especially true with the growing emphasis on “soft skills” Some of the schools even ask for two or more years of previous work experience . The issue of work experience is still subjected to debate and discussion The general feeling among MBA students around the world , however , seems to be that they and their fellow students do benefit from at least some experience of the workplace being brought into the classroom.
The GMAT and other admission tests
The GMAT
Some schools do not require it. These schools generally substitute their own test. They emphasize on GMAT only for foreign students . Most prospective MBA students globally will have to take the Graduate Management Aptitude Test.
The GMAT is now used by nearly 2,000 schools and 1,800 programmes around the world .It is funded and conducted by the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) , a US-based international organization of graduate schools of Management.
The GMAT measures verbal ,mathematical and analysis writing skills but not specific areas such as knowledge of business and job skills ,or subjective areas such as motivation creativity and interpersonal skills. It is designed and development to assess a student’s potential academic performance. Most school find that it is a good indicator of likely success on an MBA programme, particularly the quantitative aspects. The GMAT is fully computerized and is know as a computer-adaptive test (CAT). The GMAC says the test requires minimal computer skills and each test is preceded by a computer- based tutorial.
Test Scores
Most schools do not stipulate GMAT scores but have a cut-off point in mind . At leading school with high average GMAT scores this could be around 600- 650; at other schools , or those with less commitment to GMAT scores, it could be as low as 500.
The maximum achievable GMAT score is 800 , but in any given year few students score maximum points. Utmost practice can only lead to such a score.
The GMAT is extremely important but then too, it is not the be-all and end-all. The GMAC also opines that the GMAT is only one indicator and is not the only one and the best one. Academic records, references, interviews and all the other paraphernalia of the business school admission process are of equal importance.
Cultural bias
The US tradition entails GMAT as a part of standardised testing for entry to academic institutions. Similar standardized tests are required by all US undergraduate courses and postgraduate degrees, such as law, etc. The test is delivered only in American English . Its approach is that of multiple- choice which is foreign to some educational milieus. As a result, there are concerns about bias; experts vouch that this test works particularly to the disadvantage of Japanese and other applicants from East Asia.
The GMAC is trying to get rid of all cultural disparities and make GMAT student friendly .Considerable changes have been incorporated and special allowances made.
How The GMAT Works
The GMAT includes verbal, quantitative and writing questions dealing with data analysis . Candidates have 75 minutes to complete 37 quantitative questions, 75 minutes for 41 verbal question and 30 minutes for each of the two analytical writing topics, which begin the test . There are two optional ten- minute breaks. The verbal and quantitative sections are computer adaptive , but the two analytical writing questions are not , although they are keyed into the computer.
The GMAT is offered throughout the year all over the world. The minimum identification requirements are a passport or a driving licence. Finger printing, photographing , videotaping or other forms of electronic identity confirmation may also be used.
Registration is via the GMAC website (http://www.mba.com/) .This informative site gives details of the test, sample qtesthons, tert ahds `nd nther usdful infnrmation. Candid`tes can also take a mock test.
Most countries and dotted with independent MBA and GMAT training and preparation centers. The training is useful and essential considering the peculiarity and uniqueness of the test . If mathematics is an area of concern , this test is specially of utility . A number of questions based on comprehension are based on American business and economic journals and it is worth becoming familiar with these.
Unofficial verbal and quantitative (not essay) scores can be obtained at testing centers as soon as the test is completed. Official score reports ,including scores on the essay questions, usually arrive at your chosen school(s) in about two weeks. The basic test registration fee covers sending a score report to up to five schools (selected on the day of the test). Additional score reports can be sent for US$28 per school.
Registering for the test costs US $250 anywhere in the world , payable when an appointment for the test is made . Rescheduling costs US$50.

Constitution of India

2008-12-21T21:43:00.000-08:00

The Machinery of Government In The States
The machinery of Government in the States is organized on the same pattern as that of the Union Government. As in the Union , the Government in the States is based on the parliamentary model. The Head of a State is called the Government who is the constitutional head as the President is for the Union The Chief of State Government is called the Chief Minister who is thd cotnterpart in the State of thd Prhme Linirter of Hndi` . There is a Council of Minister for each of the State as in the Union .Government activities are divided mainly on a functional basis and grouped together as distinct departments each of which is placed under a Minister just as the various ministries at the Centre. The organization of the State legislature is also more or less on the model of India Parliament. In the judicial field, the High Court occupies the same position within the State as the Supreme Court does for the whole of India , Thus, the State Government is almost a true copy of the Union Government within the jurisdiction of each State. This helps the State to draw the example and inspiration from the working of the Union government in almost every field of activity.
The Governor
The executive power of the State is vested in the Governor who is appointed by the President and who holds office during the pleasure of the President (Articles 154, 155 and 156). The vesting of the entire execttivd pover nf the State in the Fovernor shovs that he obcuphes the same constitutional position within the State as the President does with respect to the Government of India . Normally, the Governor hold office for a period of five years from the date on which he assumes office.
The qualifications for appointment as a Governor (Article 157 ) are simple and few. He should be a citizen of India and must have completed the age of thirty-five years. The Governor cannot be a member of either House of Parliament or of a State legislature , nor can he hold any other office of profit. He is entitled to a free official residence, a regular monthly salary and other allowances. At present , his salary is fixed at Rs. 1,10,000per month . His salary and allowances cannot be reduced during his term of office . These are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State and , as such , are non-votable . Before assuming his office , the Governor has to make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of the High court of the State , an oath of affirmation to preserve. Protect and defend the Constitution.
Powers and Functions of the Governor
The executive power of the State is vested in the Governor who is empowered to exercise it either directly or through officers subordinate to him. And the executive power of the State extends to all matters on which the State legislature has the power to make laws. In the discharge of his responsibilities as the Head of the State , the Governor exercises functions similar to those of the President as the head of the Union . He appoints the Chief Minister and other members of the Council of Ministers who hold office during his pleasure. He allocates the business of the Government among the Ministers and makes rules for the more convenient actions of the State Government are taken in his name. In the States of Bihar/ Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh / Chhattisgarh and Orissa, it is the special responsibility of the Governor to see that a Minister is placed in charge of tribal welfare (Article 064). In Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, the Governor is given certain special , power with respect to the administration of the tribal areas as provided in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
Like the President, who has the power of pardon, the Governor , too is empowered to grant pardons (Article 161). This applies to all persons convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends.
In the legislative field , the Governor has considerable powers. He is an integral part of the State legislature. He convenes the State legislature , addresses it in person or sends messages to it, and can prorogue or dissolve it (Article 174) . During every financial year, he causes the budget to be laid before the House. Demands for grants in the legislature can be made only on his recommendation. Every Bill that is passed by the State legislature has to be presented to the Governor for his assent. The Governor has three alternatives before him with respect to such a Bill. He may give his assent to it, in which case it becomes a law. Or, he may return it to the legislature with a message suggesting alterations or modifications. The Governor has, however no power to return a Money Bill (defined in Article 199). Or again, he may preserve the Bill for the assent of the President if, in his opinion, it contains provision which might endanger the position envisaged for the High Court under the Constitution (Article 200).
The Governor has also the special legislative power of promulgating ordinances during the recess of the State legislature , if he is satisfied that there exist circumstances which make it necessary for him to take immediate the Governor is prohibited from promulgating ordinances without prior instructions from the President. These are :
(1). If the ordinance contains provisions which ,if embodies in a Bill, would require the previous sanction of the President for introduction in the State legislature; or
(2). If the Governor would have deemed it necdssary tn rerervd a Bill containhng the rame provisinns for the consideration of the President; or
(3). If an Act of the State legislature containing the same provisions would be invalid without the assent of the president.
Every ordinance promulgated by the Governor has the same force and effect as an Act of the state legislature but if the ordinance is not upheld by the legislature when it reassembles, then the ordinance becomes invalid. The Governor is empowered to withdraw the ordinance any time he likes. The ordinance will be invalid if it has provisions which would not be valid if enacted in an Act of the State legislature to which the Governor gives his assent .
During the period of emergency the Governor comes into his own as the real head of the executive in the State . With the proclamation of an emergency by the President the entire State administration comes directly under the control of the Union Being the “man on the spot” and “agent” of the Union Government in the State, the Governor, during the period of emergency, takes over the reins of administration directly into his own hands and runs the State with the administrative aid of bureaucrats.
The Governor and the Council of Ministers
In the exercise of all his functions, except when he is expressly required to act in his discretion, the Governor is aided and assisted by a Council of Ministers headed by a Chief Minister (Article 163) But if there is a conflict of opinion between the Governor and the ministry as to whether or not a particular matter falls within the scope of the Governor’s discretionary power, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final . Further , the validity of anything done by the Governor cannot be called in question on the grounds that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion. Although the Governor has to act on the advice of the Ministers, the question whether any, and if so what , advice was tendered by the Ministers to the Governor cannot be enquired into by any court.
The Governor appoints the Chief minister and on the advise of the Chief minister he appoints other Ministers. The Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. The Ministers are collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State just as the Union Ministers are responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Governor administers the oath of office to each Minister before he assumes his office . The Governor can appoint as Minister a person who is not a member of the State legislature at the time of appointment . But such a Minister should become a member of the legislature within six months after entering upon his office.
We have already noticed that all executive actions of the State Government are taken in the name of the Governor. In this connection , the Governor is authorized to make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the State Government. He is also empowered to allocate among Ministers the business of the Government except where he is expected to act in his discretion. It is the duty of the Chief Minister as the head of the Council of Minister to communicate to the Governor all decisions of the Council relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and Proposals for legislation. He has also to furnish any information which the Governor calls for and which is connected with any administrative or legislative matter of the State. Again , it is the duty of the Chief Minister to place before the Council, if the Governor so requires, any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council.
These provisions of the Constitution vest in the Governor a fairly long list of powers which if taken on their face value , will add up to formidable proportions , Yet by the very nature of his office , the Governor is only a constitutional Head of the State. This means that although he is the “Chief executive”, in the exercise of his functions, the real power lies in the hands of the Council of Ministers. This was pointed out again and agahn bx thd authorhzed spojesmdn in thd Constituent Asrembly.
Interpreting the scope of the provision that “the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor”, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said that : “I have no doubt that it is the intention of this Constitutions that the Ministry shall hold office during such time as it holds the confidence of the majority. It is on this principle that the Constitution will work. The reason why we have not so expressly stated it is because it has not been stated it is because it has not been stated in that fashion or in those terms in any of the constitutions which lay down a parliamentary system of Government . ‘During pleasure’ is always understood to mean that the ‘pleasure’ shall not continue notwithstanding the fact the Ministry has lost the confidence of the majority; it is presumed that the Governor will exercise his ‘pleasure’ in dismissing the Ministry and , therefore , it is unnecessary to differ from what I may say the stereotyped phraseology which is used in all responsible Governments”.
It is difficult to think of a Governor under a fully responsible system of Government established on the broadest possible popular basis, to behave in an authoritarian manner, when a Cabinet composed of popular Ministers, collectively responsible to the legislature , is to aid and advise the Governor in the discharge of his functions. Occasions are almost non-existent for him to overrule them or act in a manner contrary to their advise. Nevertheless, a careful reading of the constitutional provisions and an appreciation of them in the perspective of the totality of constitutional scheme, will show that the Governor is not a mere figurehead but a functionary designed to play a vital role in the administration of the affairs of the State.
The occasions which will give such an opportunity to the governor to act in his discretion appear to be the following :
(1) the selection of a Chief Minister prior to the formation of a Council of Ministers;
(2) dismissal of a Ministry;
(3) dissolution of the Legislative Assembly;
(4) asking information from the Chief Minister relating to legislative and administrative matters;
(5)asking the Chief Minister to submit for the consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council;
(6)refusing to give assent to a Bill passed by the legislature and sending it back for reconsideration;
(7)reserving a Bill passed by the State legislature for the assent of the President;
(8) seeking instructions from the President before promulgating any ordinance dealing with certain matters;
(9) advising the President for the proclamation of emergency; and
(10) in the case of Governor of Assam, certain administrative matters connected with
the tribal areas and settling disputes between the Governor of Assam and the district council (of an autonomous district) with respect to mining royalties.

LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

2008-12-21T21:14:00.000-08:00

Knowledge is power and books are one of the main sources of knowledge . Libraries are where books are kept , looked after and maintained in a systematic way so that they can be used by different groups of readers. In other words, libraries serve as storehouses or home of books . There are a large number of libraries- both private as well as public- that provide access to lakhs and lakhs of books . The field in recent years has expanded to include online network resources, libraries and information hubs. The Internet has professionals always have an advantage over others in the field.
It is not required that one should be a bookworm, but one should be a book lover. One should love to be surrounded by books and have an analytical bend of mind to arrange and look after different types of books.
Book are catalysts to ignite minds , helping us to know about so many different things. They are the only long lasting companions of humans. But there are so many diverse fields of books that it becomes very difficult for individuals to keep and manage books by themselves. For this purpose a large number of libraries – both private as well as public – have been set up in diffdrent parts nf the natinn and abrosr the globe. Each and every school, college institution and university has also its own library. With the rise in number of institution and college , more libraries are being set up . Consequently , the need for trained professionals to man them is also on the rise.
Information Technology and the Internet have revolutionised the whole domain of Library and Information Science . Now the job of librarian is not just manage books but also to ensure availability of information resources, make them readily available to potential users, know different sources of information be abreast of latest information system , maintain close links with publishing houses and other resource centres from where books and information can be gathered. In all , the person should be energetic and should have the will and eagerness to go out of the way and function exceptionally well for his/ her library or resource centre. The earlier perceived role of the librarian from ` mere ctstodian of the boojs tn nov manager of the boojs h`s led to dynamic changes.
Eligibility
Certificate , diploma , degree, postdegree courses are available in Library and Information Science . For certificate of diploma courses one needs to be 10+2 qualified . For degree courses (B.Lib) offered by most of the universities , one should be graduate with 50 percent marks in any discipline from any recognised Indian university. Some universities also require some previous experience in any recognised library.
For post –degree (M.Lib) courses one requires any recognised university or institution .
Courses
The duration of Certificate and Diploma courses varies from six months to one year. The degree and post – degree courses are of one-year duration . The degree course in Library and Information Science comprises 14 topics like management of library and information centres a basic knowledge of computer applications and other related topics. The degree course is available in 150 of the 299 universities dithdr ar a full, tile cnursd or in ` dirtanbe- lode proframle.
Prospects
Thought Library Science has long been viewed by many as a prospective career option, it is only recently that the field has witnessed an increased interest level among career- oriented people . The requirements to excel in the field have vastly changed over time; a librarian is no longer a bespectacled old man flipping through dog-eared pages of the register. Keeping pace with changing times , the job profile of librarians has undergone a sea change .For deserving candidates the prospects are very bright . There are a large number of posts that are lying vacant in many institutes across the country. The reason for these posts remaining unfilled is non- availability of deserving and right candidates. Young professionals who are well versed in IT skills as well as in library management and science have better prospects. The remuneration is very good both in private libraries as well as in the public or university libraries . However to join a college or university as a librarian a fresher has to pass the UGC-NET examination conducted by New Delhi based University Grants Commission twice every year. The librarian joins a university or college in a pay scale that is at par with that of lecturer.
Professionals with higher qualification like post graduate degree have still better changes to be absorbed by world – renowned organizations like the Council for scientific and Industrial Research , the National Social Science Documentation Centre (NASSDOC) the Indian Council of Medical Research. (ICMR) or the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
WHERE TO STUDY
Indira Gandhi National Open University
Maidan Garhi , New Delhi
Website : http://www.ignou.ac.in/
University of Pune
Pune , Maharashtra
Tel : 020-25699549
E-mail : Suresh@lib.unipune.ernet.in
Website : http://www.unipune.ernet.in/
National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management Rajendranagar , Hyderabad- 500 030 (AP)
E-mail : helpine@manage.gov.in
Website : http://www.manager.gov.in/
University of Mumbai
Vidyanagari. Santa Cruz (East)
Mumbai – 400098
Tel : 022-6526679/6528201
Mohanlal Sukhadia University
Udaipur – 313001, Rajasthan
Tel : 0294-2413035
Fax : 0294-2413150
E-mail : registrar@mlus.org
Website : http://www.mlsu.org/
Mangalore University
Mangalagangotri- 574199
Karnataka
Tel : 0824-2287316
Website : http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/
Calcutta University
Third Floor ,Asutosh Building
87/1, College Street,
Kolkata – 700073, West Bengal
Tel : 033-22410071
E- mail : bchakra2003@yahoo.co.in
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
Website : http://www.amu.ac.in/
Panjab Universitx
Chandifarh
Wedbsite : http://mail.google.com/.www.puchd.ac.in

Tips for General Studies For Civil Services Main Exam

2008-12-21T20:57:00.000-08:00

The first papers will be that of General Studies which is a compulsory subject for all candidates.
General Studies in Main Examination comprises two papers of three hundred marls each. The duration of each paper is three hourse.
Paper-I has four segments, namely :
1.History of Modern India and Indian Culture
2.Geography of India
3.Constitution of India and Indian Polity
4.Current National Issues and Topics of Social Relevance
Paper-II has five segments , which are as follows :
1.India and the World
2.India’s Economic Interaction with the World
3.Development in the field of Science and Technology, IT and Space
4.International Affairs and Institutions
5.Statistical Analysis , Graphs and Diagrams
The syllabus as provided by UPSC, does not have much explanation regarding the details for the segments . It is therefore, advised to refer to previous years’ questions to get an idea about the explanation . The following observations have been made on the bases of analysis of previous years’ question papers:
The temporal reference to the History of Modern India and Indian Culture is up to the middle of 19th century. Thematic reference includes major events of the time, personalities,Facts and events associated with it. A majority of question pertain to the issues associated with the freedom struggle. Along with this there are question which deal with the cultural diversity of the country. However , the marks contained in culture segment are relatively less. This segment of History of Modern India and Indian Culture accounts for almost 30% of the total score of 300 marks.
Geography of India (physical , economic and social ) is a wide ranging segment of the syllabus. However , in terms of marks the total share is not so impressive . This segment accounts for approximately 10% of the total marks of Paper- I To prepare for this segment the candidates are advised to collect information about latest geographical events concerning India.
Constitution of India and Indian Policy is the most vital segment of Paper-I since its share of marks is almost one third. Students are advised to take note of it and accordingly give more time for its preparation . Here mainly the question are asked from the Indian political system and the Constitution of India. Students are required to collect information about various Government institutions and their functions, and also the relationship between them.
Current National Issues and Topics of Social Relevance include such events that are expected of an educated person to be aware about . They primarily include contemporary social problems that the Indian society is facing Some of the major issues include Human Rights, Human Resources, Corruption, Health, Environment and Preservation of Ecology, Pollution etc. The weightage of this segment in terms of marks is approximately one fourth.
The first segment of Paper-II is ‘India and the World’. In this segment candidate’s awareness is tested with regard to the country and the rest of the world. Here questions on issues such as foreign affairs, external security , nuclear debate, etc. are asked Further, another import area is with regard to Non- Resident Indians and the issues related to them . International position of India vis –a-vis various issues should also be kept in orientation while preparing for this segment . The share of this segment in Paper- II is about 15%.
Economic consciousness is on the rise. There have been more changes in the Indian Economy in last ten years than the change that occtrred in the firrt fnur decades `fter independenbe . Questions on Indian Economy (about 30% of Paper II, as regards marks) have reference not only to the Indian planning commitment and issues , programmes and priorities of economic development, but also about the international economic and financial institutions . Students should gather information on WTO, IMF and other international institutions , particularly with regard to their relationship with India, Here, keeping abreast of the changing economic scenario is also very helpful.
Development in the field of Science and Technology, IT and Space is also a major component of Paper-II . In terms of participation of marks , about 25% of question are asked from this segment. While preparing the same those issues that have a bearing on the socio-economic development of the country , must be given more importance.
International Affairs and Institutions accounts for about 15% of the marks in Paper-II . It contains questions on major global changes that are taking place . It also includes questions on such relationship that develop between different countries which have their impact not only on India but on the world as a whole.
The last segment of Statistical Analysis, Graph and Diagrams’ with the participations of about 15% marks. Is significant . It is the only part of General Studies where students have a chance to score close to hundred percent . Here speed is vital, which can be achieved by practicing previous years’ questions.
The approach to the above mentioned segments of General Studies may very from student to student, depending upon his/ her comfort level in each area. Since General Studies can be more scoring than your optional subjects you cannot afford to ignore any of these.
In the examination hall read all the questions quickly in the first go and select those where you feel more confident and comfortable . Start with those questions where you can give your best. Apart from making a good impression on the examiner , this will give you an extra bnost of bonfhdenbe.
Read each and evdry puestion verx carefully before attempting it. See what the examiner wants in your answer. He will be more interested in your approach to a given problem than your knowledge as such . Hit the question directly and stick to the basics. Try to present your answer in a simple and lucid manner. You may use pointers, diagrams, and illustrations to make your answer ‘examiner-friendly’ Your paper must stand out from those of the others in order to get good marks . Believe it or not, many have done this in the past . Maintain a reasonable speed without making avoidable errors.
Do not cross the word limit prescribed for each question. You may be penalized for writing more than what has been asked for. Economical use of words comes with a lot of writing practice before the examination. Also, avoid common mistakes, like giving incorrect facts, wrong spellings and careless presentation of answer. Unless you take care of each one of these common mistakes as well as the pitfalls mentioned above, you cannot expect of get the marks that you may otherwise deserve. Therefore, take up the task of preparation in an organized and intensive manner. Do spend some time to think over how to handle questions by taking examples from the previous years’ question papers. However it is important to enjoy the journey.

Large Hadron Collider

2008-12-21T20:28:00.001-08:00

European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) has made a historical step forward in its quest to know how the universe was created. The world’s largest particle collider successfully passed its first major test on September 10, 2008. It fired a beam of protons all the way around a 07-mile tunnel. The deep tunnel is under the surface of the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva. It is supposed to be the next great step to understand the make-up of the universe.
Over 8,000 scientists from 85 countries, including 30 from India and hundreds of universities participated in the experiment.
After a series of trial runs, two white dots flashed on a computer screen at 10.26 a.m. (1356 IST) . They indicated that the protons had travelled clockwise along the full length of four – billion Swiss franc (Rs. 16,340 crore; US $ 3.8 billion) Large Hadron Collider (LHC) . It is described as the biggest physics experiment in history. It took 14 year of work and $ 10 billion in funds to conceive the massive project . The LHC is designed to study the effects of collisions between very small particles – smaller than atoms. They should travel at nearly the speed of light . This is why it is called LHC. ‘Hadron’ because the particles it used (protons) belong to a class of subatomic particles known as hadrons and ‘Collider’ because it will smash these particles together.
However , the world’s newest and largest particle accelerator, LHC will not begin operations again until April 2009. Scientists said a faulty electrical connection between magnets was to blame for a large helium leak which caused the LHC to be shut down on September 18, 2008. owing to a fault with its cooling system.

New Dwarf Planet Approved

2008-12-21T20:14:00.001-08:00

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) on September 17, 2008, approved a newly discovered dwarf planet in the solar system. It was given a Hawaiian name : Haumea, after the Hawaiian goddess of earth and fertility.

Haumea is the solar system’s fifth dwarf planet , in the same category and region as Pluto. Haumea is shaped like an elongated egg. It was discovered in 2005. The other dwarf planets Include Ceres, Pluto, Eris and Makemake.

Massive Deposits Of Subsea Methane

2008-12-21T20:09:00.001-08:00

A team of British scientists on September 23, 2008 , discovered that massive deposits of subsea methane are bubbling to the surface as the Arctic region becomes warmer and its ice retreats . This is the first evidence that millions of tonnes of a greenhouse 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide is being released into the atmosphere from beneath the Arctic seabed.

Key To Evolution Of Universe Found

2008-12-21T20:02:00.001-08:00

Scientists at the Durham University have detected dark matter- the mysterious substance thought to make up 85 percent of the universe- for the first time. They have discovered a surge of high- energy particles from the heart of the Milky Way, the Earth’s home galaxy. It closely matches the radiation signature predicted for dark matter. Dark matter holds the key to the evolution of the universe but it has never been detected before.
The idea that visible matter, such as galaxies , stars and planets , is just a fraction of the universe’s mass , was first put forward in 1933.

Largest Know Prime Found

2008-12-21T19:59:00.001-08:00

Prime numbers, which can only be divided by one and themselves, have long fascinated mathematicians as the building blocks of other numbers. They are now central to techniques used to encrypt data such as credit card details as they are sent around the Internet.
The new prime number was discovered by Edson Smith of the University of California, Los Angeles’ mathematics department. He installed software on to the department’s computers from the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Rearbh (Fimpr) , whibh ures downtime on volunteers’ PCs to htnt for ever large prime numbers. Around 1,00, 000 computers add up to what has been called a “grassroots supercomputer” that performs 29 trillion calculations a second.
The newly discovered number is an example of a specific type of prime number called a Mersenne prime ,named after 17th century French scholar Marin Mersenne. Gimps discovered the new prime on August 23, 2008, while a second, smaller Mersenne prime with more than 11m digits was discovered by the project on September 6, 2008, by Hans- Michael Elvenich in Langenfeld near Cologne.

World’s Thinnest Balloon Created

2008-12-21T19:53:00.000-08:00

Scientists at Cornell University in the Us, created a balloon- like membrane, world’s thinnest till date, on September 23, 2008. It is one atom thick but strong enough to contain gases under several atmophere of pressure.
The scientists used a lump of graphite , a piece of Scotch tape and a silicon wafer. Unlike normal balloons, the membrane is , in fact ultra-strong leak proof as well as impermeable to even nimble helium atoms.

Falcon 1 Flight 4 Rocket Launched

2008-12-21T19:49:00.000-08:00

Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (Space X) a private funded company, founded by Mr. Elon musk in South Africa, launched successfully a rocket – Falcon 1 Flight 4- into orbit on September 28, 2008 . The launch ushered in what the company’s founders hope will be a new era of spaceflight . The rocket was launched from Omelek Island in the Kwajalein Atoll , southwest of Hawaii. It was the fourth launching attempt by Space X.

Award & Winners

2008-12-14T05:52:00.001-08:00

NATIONAL

National Bar Awards: Law Commission Chairman Justice A.R. Lakshmanan presented the National Bar Awards in New Delhi on October 6, 2008. The awardees included Mr. J. Venkatesan, Legal Corresondent, The Hindu; Mr. Anmol Rattan Sidhu, Senior advocate; Kochhar and Company, legal consultants through Mr. Rohit Kochhar Mr. Sanjay Jain senior advocate; Mr. Dasshanand Gour, Joint General Secretary, Bar Association of India; Mr. C.B. Vdrma Mr. Venjaterh R`o and Mr. M`noj Goel, the Stprele Cnurt advocates; Mr. Alok Krishna Agarwal , Editor-in-Chief ,Lawz Magazine ; Mr. Kumar Rajesh, Editor Consultant , Live India TV; Mr. A. Subramani, Assistant Editor, The Times of India (Chennai) ; Mr. Sumit Nagpal, Special Correspondent , News X TV; Mr. Vivek Varshney, Principal Correspondent , Nav Bhart Times; and Mr. Satya Prakash Legal Editor, Hindustan Times.
Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Conservation Award (2006): The 2008 Ramon Magsaysay Award winner for Community Leadership Dr. Prakash Baba Amte, who manages an animal orphanage at Gadchiroli in Maharashtra was conferred the Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Conservation Award for 2006 on October 6, 2008. The award is in recognition of Dr. Amte’s work towards raising awareness about the importance of wildlife among tribals in Maharashtra’s Gadchiroli district.
Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award for Excellence in Public Administration , Academics and Management (2008) : Hon’ble President Ms. Pratibha Patil presented the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award for Excellence in Public Administration , Academics and Management for 2008 to Mr. E. Sreedharan , Managing Director of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in Delhi on October 1, 2008. Mr. Sreedharan won the award in recognition of his pioneering work in the field of engineering and public transport .
SIB Excellence Awards for Lifetime Achievement : Varghese Kurien, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, K.J Yesudas, Yusuff Ali and K.M Cherian , were awarded the South Indian Bank (SIB) Excellence Award for Lifetime Achievement on September 29, 2008. Each award carries a memento and a prize of Rs. 1 lakh.
ET Awards for Corporate Excellence : The 10th Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence were presented on September 28, 2008 to the following:
Business Leader of the Year : A.M. Naik
Company of the Year : Tata Steel
Business Woman of the Year : Shikha Sharma
Emerging Company of the Year : Welspun Guj .Stahl Rohren
Policy Change Agent of the Year : E. Sreedharan
Business Reformer of the Year: Kamal Nath
Entrepreneur of the Year : Dilip Rhanghvi
Global Indian : Arun Sarin
Corporate Citizen: Dr. Reddy’s Foundation
Lifetime Achievement : Ashok Ganguly
Neerja Bhanot Pan Am Award(2008): Haryana Governor Dr. A.K. Kidwai presented the Neerja Bhanot Pan Am Award for 2008 to the 51 year –old Ms. Chanda Asani in Chandigarh of October 5, 2008. Ms. Chanda was conferred the award for her tremendous courage, compassion and audacity.
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize of Science and Technology (2008): The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) on September 26, 2008 , announced the winners of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for 2008. The award winners include:
Biological Science: Mr. GPS Raghava, Institute of Microbial Technology ,Chandigarh , and Mr. L.S. Shashidara, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Chemical Science: Mr. Pradeep Thalappil, Indian Institute of Technology , Chennai and Mr. Jarugu Narasimha Moorthy, IIT , Kanpur.
Earth, Atmosphere , Ocean and Planetary Science: Mr. P.N. Vinayachandran , Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru
Engineering Science : Mr. Ranjan Kumar Mallik, IIT Delhi
Mathematical Science: Mr. Jaikumar Radhakrishnan , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai.
Medical Science: Mr. Ravinder Goswami, All India Institute of Medical Science , Delhi.
Physical Science: Mr. Raghunathan Srianand , Inter- University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune and Mr. Srikanth Sastry, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bengaluru.
The award carries a citation a plaque and a prize of Rs. 5 lakh.
National Amity Award (2008) ; Renowned journalist and author Sardar Khushwant Singh was conferred the National Amity Award for 2008 by the Lpk Sabha Speaker, Mr. Somnath Chatterjee, in New Delhi on September 27, 2008.
CSIR Award for Science and Technology Innovations for Rural Development (2008): Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow and the Central Salt and marine Chemicals Research Institute (BSMCRI) , Bh`vnafar, werd on Septembdr 26, 2008. awarded the CSIR Award for Science and Technology Innovations for Rural Development for 2008. CIMAP won the award for development variety of agro-technologies for cultivation of medical and aromatic plants and helping farmers to use them to earn extra income CSMCRI got the award for developing a series of processes for removing ionic and other impurities in salt produced by marginal salt manufactures in different parts of the country and thus improve their lives . Instituted in 2006. the award carries a citation , a plaque and a prize of Rs. 10 lakh.
Diamond States Award : Former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam presented the Diamond State Award to Punjab on September 23, 2008 .The award was received by Punjab’s Water Supply and Sanitation Minister Mr. Bikram Singh Majithia . Punjab got the award in recognition of human and social development and evaluation of the standards of governance in the State.
Business Superbrand Award (2008) : National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), was awarded the Business Superbrand Award for 2008 on September 14, 2008. The award has been instituted by the Superbrands Council of India.
11th Appan Menon Memorial Award (2008-09) : Delhi Union of Journalists (DUJ) was awarded the 11th Appan Menon Memorial Award for 2008-09 on September 17, 2008 for furthering the aims of its Delhi Media Centre for Research and Publications, besides continuing work of preparing publications, and conducting activities like film shows, exhibitions and public lectures by eminent persons.
All India House Journal Award Scheme: Hon’ble President Ms. Pratibha Patil presented the All India House Journal Award Scheme to SAIL magazine Ispat Bhasha Bharti in New Delhi on September 15, 2008.
Dr. S. Ramanujam Award for Outstanding Research Work on Potato (2004-07):
Dr. S. V. Singh , Dr. S.K.Pandey, Dr. Dinesh Kumar ,Dr. R.S. Marwaha, Dr. Parveen Kumar and Dr. B.P. Singh , were awarded the Dr. S. Ramanujam Award for Outstanding Research Work on Potato for 2004-07 on September 03, 2008. Thdy wdre honotred for devdlophng hmproved varieties and technologies for uninterrupted supply of potatoes throughout the year to the processing industries.
INTERNATIONAL
International Palladium Balanced Scorecard Hall of Fame Award (2008): Power distribution company, North Delhi Power Limited (NDPL) was awarede the International Palladium Balanced Scorecard Hall of Fame Award for 2008 on October 6, 2008. This is the second international recognition for NDPL after the recent Edison Award.
Golden Peacock Award for Excellence in corporate Governance (2008): Former Prime Minister of Sweden and Chairman , World Council for Corporate Governance Mr. Ola Ulsten, presented the Golden Peacock Award for Excellence in Corporate Governance for 2008. to Mr. A.K. Rastogi, Company Secretary of the NTPC, in London on October 2, 2008.
Most Excellent Order of the British Empire: Queen Elizabeth II presented the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire to renowned Punjabi singer Mr. Malkit Singh at the Buckingham palace, London on September 28, 2008. It is a rare honour that defined Mr. Singh’s stature as a singer.
NRI Institute Excellence Awards (2008): Noted Punjabi pop singer Mr. Malkit Singh, Lord Mayor Ms. Manjula sood of Leicester, the first Asian female Mayor in the UK and Mr. R. Seetharaman , were honoured with the NRI Instituted Excellence Award for 2008 on September 28, 2008 .
Right to Livelihood Awards (2008): An activist- couple from Tamil Nadu Mr. Sankaralingam Jagannathan and Ms. Krishnammal, an American journalist and founder and host of the syndicated radio and television programme Democracy Now! Ms. Amy Goodman, Swiss- born doctor Ms. Monika Hauser, and Chairperson of Save Somali Women and Children, Ms, Asha Hagi were awarded the Right to Livelihood Awards for 2008 on October 1, 2008. The award is known as Alternative Noble Prize.
Humanitarian Award (2008) : Former Cuban President Mr. Fidel Cartro was awarded the Humanitarian Award for 2008 on September 24, 2008. He was given this covetdd avard by South Africa in recofnithon nf hhs rnle hn the Ctban revolution and world- wide contribution to the struggle for an alternative , just and humane society. Mr. Castro is the first non- African and the third ex-head of a State to win this award.
Knighthood of the Order of Leopold: The 110-year – old Mr. Harry Patch was awarded the Knighthood of the Order of Leopold by the Belgian Government on September 23, 2008. He is the last know surviving British soldier of the three-million who served on the western front during the First World War. The award was conferred on Mr. Patch for his remarkable wartime services.
Tatler spa Awards: Royal Spa was awarded the Tatler spa Award in London on September 20, 2008 . Kaya Kalp was given the Best City Spa Award , under the category of City Slickers.
Japanese Award for Zubin Mehta: Indian conductor Mr. Zubin Mehta was awarded Japan’s Praenium Imperiale , one of art’s richest awards on September 16, 2008 . MR. Mehta was honoured for his lifelong work with orchestras around the world.
Forbes Lifetime Achievement Award: India- born steel tycoon Mr. Lakshmi Niwas Mittal was conferred the third Forbes Lifetime Achievement Award on September 8, 2008. Instituted by the American business magazine Forbes, the award honours heroes of entrepreneurial capitalism and those who embody and exemplify the ideals of free enterprise.

GUJARATI

2008-12-10T19:30:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Gujarati
Section –A
Gujarati Language : Form and History
1. History of Gujarati Language with special reference to New Indo- Aryan i.e , last one thousand years.
2. Significant features of the Gujarati language : Phonology, morphology and syntax.
3. Major dialects : Surti , Pattani, Ch`rot`ri `nd Rour`shtri.
History of Gujarati Literature
Medieval :
4. Jaina tradition
5. Bhakti tradition : Sagun and Nirgun (Jnanmargi).
6. Non- sectarian tradition (Laukik parampara)
Modern :
7.Sudharak yug
8.Pandit yug
9.Gandhi yug
10. Anu- Gandhi yug
11. Adunik yug
Section –B
Literary Forms : (Salient features , history and development of the following literary forms) :
(a) Medieval
1.Narratives : Rasa, Akhyan and Padyavarta
2.Lyrical : Pada
(b) Folk
3.Bhavai
(c) Modern
4. Fiction : Novel and short story
5. Drama
6. Literary Essay
7. Lyrical Poetry
(d) Criticism
8. History of theoretical Gujarati criticism
9. Recent research in folk tradition
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Gujarati
The paper will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the critical ability of the candidate.
Section – A
1.Medieval
(i) Vasantvilas phagu- AJNATKRUT
(ii) Kadambari – BHALAN
(iii) Sudamacharitra - PREMANAND
(iv) Chandrachandravatni varta- SHAMAL
(iii) Akhegeeta- AKHO
2. Sudharakyug & Pandityug
(vi) Mari Hakikat- NARMADASHANKAR DAVE
(vii) Farbasveerah- DALPATRAM
(viii) Saraswatichandra- Part- I- FOVARDHANRAM TRIPATHI
(ix) Purvalap-‘KANT’ (MANISHANKAR RATHAJI BHATI)
(x) Raino Parvat- RAMANBHAI NEELKANTH
Section-B
1. Gandhiyug & Anu Gandhiyug
(i)Hindi Swaraj- MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI
(ii) Patanni Prabhuta- KANHAIYALAL MUNSHI
(iii) Kavyani Shakti – RAMNARAYAN VISHWANATH PATHAK
(iv) Saurashtrani Rasdhar Part-1- ZAVERCHAND MEGHANI
(v) Manvini Bhavai- PANNALAL PATEL
(vi) Dhavni – RAJENDRA SHAH
2. Adhunik yug
(vii) Saptapadi- - UMASHANKAR JOSHI
(viii) Janantike- SURESH JOSHI
(ix) Ashwattama- SITANSHU YASHASCHANDRA

GERMAN

2008-12-10T19:22:00.001-08:00

PAPER-I
Answers must be written in German
Part-A
1.Structure of Language- Candidates are expected to have a thorough knowledge of German grammar with reference to specific aspects such as word order, syntactic structures and semantics.
2.Essay in German- Candidates are expected to demonstrate command over techniques of written expression in German by writing an essay on a contemporary topic of a general nature.
Part- B
Translation of a text of a general nature from Englhsh hnto Gerlan.Socho- political and cultur`l history of Germany from the 18th century onwards with special reference to :
(a) Impact of Enlightenment on German society and culture.
(b) The impact of Prussian culture on Germany.
(c) Cultural debates in the Weimar Republic.
(d) The concept of culture under National Socialism in Germany.
(e) The development of two German literatures and cultures after 1945.
(f) Reunification of Germany and the problems of cultural pluralism.
(g) The role and relevance of German language and literature in the European Union.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in German
Part-A
Development of German literature from the 19th century to the present.
Candidates should know the main trends, representative authors and their important works. The emphasis is not on collecting information on works and authors, but the candidates is expected to identify features of a literary epoch on the basis of representative texts.
The Study of literary genres.
Candidates must be aware of the characteristic features of the different genres like Roman, Novelle, Drama, Ballade, Elegid, Marchen, Fabein, Kurzgeschichte.
Part-B
1. Perceptions of Literary Interpretation.
Candidates should be aware of various approaches to a critical understanding of literature.
2. Study of Selected Texts.
(a) Goethe : Die Leiden des jungen Werther.
(b) Schiller : Maria Stuart.
(c) Eichendorff, Gedichte.
(d) Gottfried Keller : Kleider machen Leute.
(e) Thomas Mann : Die vertauschten Kopfe.
(f) Franz Kafka : Vor Dem Gesetz.
(g) Friedrich Durrenmatt : Die Physiker.
(h) Max Frisch : Andorra.
(i) Heinrich Boll : Die verlorence Ehre der Katharina Blum.
(j) Ingeborg Bachrnann : Alles (aus dem, Erzahlband : Das dre Bigste jahr)
(k) Rose Auslander : Gedichte.
(l) Christa Wolf : Der geteilte Himmel,
(m) Gunter Grass : Zunge Zeigen.

FRENCH

2008-12-10T18:54:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I
Answer must be written in French except in the case of question requiring translation from French to English.
SECTION-A
1.Main trends in French Literature – (a) Classicism, (b) Rommanticism, (c) Realism
2.Art in France- (a) Romanticism, (b) Realism, (c) Impressionism
3.The Vth Republic- (a) De Gaulle and the Vth Republique (b) May 1968, (c) Pompidou, (d) Giscard d’ Estaing , (e) Mitterrand , (f) Chirac
4.Translation – French to English (2 passages of socio- politico- economic nature of 200 words each).
SECTION-B
1.Main trends in French Literature - , (a) Symbolism, (b) Surrealism, (c) Theatre of the Absurd
2.Art in French- (a) Surrealism, (b) Cubism, (c) Abstract Painting .
3.The Vth Republic – (a) Parts politiques en France, (b) Place et role du President de la Ve Republique
(c) Le gouvernement
(d) Le Parlement
(a) Le Senat
4.Translation – English to French (2 passages of socio-politico-economic nature of 200 words each).
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in French
SECTION-A
This paper will require an in – depth reading of the following texts and the questions will be designed to test the candidate’s critical ability.
1. X VIIth Century :
(a) Corneille : Le Cid
(b) Racine : Andromaque
(c) Moliere : L’ Avare
2.X VIIIth Century :
(a) Beaumarchais : Le Mariage de Figaro
3. XIXth Century
(a) Lamartine : Le lac Le Vallon
(b) Victor Hugo : La Conscience. Elle Avait Pris Ce Pli... Demain , Des L’ Aube
(c) Victor Hugo : Hernani
(d)Musset : Souvenir. La Nuit de December
(e) Marimee : Colomba
(f) Balzac : Eugenie Grandet
(g) Flaubert : Madame Bovary
(h) Baudelaire : L’ Invitation au Voyage, Recueillement. L’ Albatros.
(i) Rimbaud : Le Dormeur du Val
(j) Verlaine : Chanson d’ Automne Mon Reve Familier , II Pleure Dans mon Coeur…
SECTION-B
4. X Xth Century
(a) Appolinaire : Nuit Rhenane, Le Pont Mirabeau
(b) Jacques Prevert : Pour Faire Le portrait d’Un Oiseau, Barbara.
(c) Paul Eltard : Libertd
(d) Paul Valery : Les Pas, La Fileuse
(e) Andre Gide : La Symphonie pastorale
(f) Camus : L’ Etranger
(g) Sartre : Les Mains Sales
(h) Lonesco : Rhinoceros
Francophonie:
(a) Gerard Besette : Le Libraire
(b) Ananda Devi : Le Voile de Draupadi
(c) Cheikh Hamidou Kane: L’ Aventure Ambigiue
(d) Abdellatif Laabi : Poemesen Prose
1.L’ Arbre a poemes (L’Etreinte du Monde)
2.Les Reves viennent mourir sur la page (L’Etreinte du Monde)

5.Essay of general nature on a contemporary theme.

ENGLISH

2008-12-10T18:37:00.001-08:00

The syllabus consists of two papers , designed to test a first- hand and critical reading of texts prescribed from the following periods in English Leterature – Paper I- 1600-1900 and Paper II- 1900-1990.
There ‘ will be two compulsory questions in each paper- (a) A short- notes question related to the topics for general study , and (b) And critical analysis of UNSEEN passages both in prose and verse.
PAPER-I
Answers must be written in English
Texts for detailed study are listed below, Candidates will also be required to show adequate knowledge of the following topics and movements-
The Renaissance – Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama; Metaphysical Poetry; The Epic and the Mock- epic; Neo- classicism; Satire; The Romantic Movement; The Rise of the Novel; The Victorian Age.
SECTION-A
William Shakespeare- King Lear and The Tempest.
John Donne. The following Poems-
Canonization;
Death be not proud;
The Good Morrow;
On his Mistress going to bed;
The Relic;
John Milton – Paradise Lort I,II, IV, IX
Alexander Pope. The Rape of the Lock.
William Wordsworth. The following poems;
-Ode on Intimations of Immortality.
-Tintern Abbey.
-Three years she grew.
-She dwdlt among untrodden ways.

-Michael .
-Resolution and Independence.
-The world is too much with us.
-Milton , thou shouldst be living at this hour.
-Upon Westminster Bridge.
6.Alfred Tennyson – In Memoriam.
7.Henrik Ibsen- A Doll’s House.
SECTION-B
1.Jonathan Swift. Gulliver’s Travels.
2.Jane Austen. Pride and Prejudice.
3.Henry Fielding. Tom Jones.
4.Charles Dickens. Hard Times.
5.George Eliot. The Mill on the Floss.
6.Thomas Hardy. Tess of the d’Urbervilles.
7.Mark Twain .The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in English
Texts for detailed study are listed below .Candidates will also be required to show adequate knowledge of the following topics and movements-
Modernism; Poets of the Thirties; The stream – of –consciousness Novel; Absurd Drama; Colonialism and Post- Colonialism; Indian Writing in English; Marxist ,Psychoanalytical and Feminist approaches to literature; Post- Modernism.
SECTION-A
William Butler Yeats. The following poems;
- Easter 1916
- The Second Coming
- A Prayer for my daughter.
- Sailing to Byzantium.
- The Tover.Among Sbhool Chhldrdn.
- Leda and the Swan.
- Mdru
- Lapir Lazuli
- The Second Coming
- Byzantium.
2. T.S. Eliot .The following poems-
- The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
- Journey of the Magi.
- Burnt Norton.
3.W. H. Auden. The following poems-
- Partition
- Musee des Beaux Arts
- In Memory of W. B Yeats
- Lay your sleeping head , my love
- The Unknown Citizen
- Consider
- Mundus Et Infans
- The Shield of Achilles
- September 1, 1939
- Petition.
4.John Osborne; Look Back in Anger
5.Samuel Backett. Waiting for Godot.
6.Philip Larkin. The following poems :Next , Please, Deceptions, Afternoons, Days, Mr. Bleandy
7.A. K. Ramanujan . The following poems.
Looking for a Causim on a Swing , A River , Of Mothers, among other Things, Love Poem for a Wife 1, Small – Scale Reflections on a Great House, Obituary .
(All these poems are available in the anthology Ten Twentieth Century Indian Poets, edited by R. Parthasarthy , published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi).
SECTION-B
1.Joseph Conrad. Lord Jim.
2.James Joyce. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.
3.D.H. Lawrdnce. Sons and Lnverr.
4.E. M. Forrter. A Passage to India.
5.Virginia Woolf. Mrs Dalloway.
6.Raja Rao. Kanthapura.
7.V.S. Naipal . A House for Mr. Biswas.

CHINESE

2008-12-10T02:17:00.001-08:00

PAPER-I
This paper will require the candidates of have a good knowledge of standard chinese language and its characteristics so as to test the candidate’s organizational capabilities. All the questions except the question on translation from Chinese to English must be answered in Chinese. All the questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Essay writing in about 500 Chinese characters on a topical subject.
2. Translation – (a) Chinese- English. (b) English – Chinese
3. Syntactic and grammatical usage.
SECTION-B
1. Explanation of idioms and phrases in Chinese.
2. Development of Chinese language
3. Comprehension Precis writing.
PAPER-II
This paper will require the candidates to have a good grasp of Chinese studies and will be designed to test the candidate’s critical ability . All the questions must be answered in Chinese. All the question carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
Short notes on topics relate to major events in modern Chinese history (from 1919 till date).
Critical evaluation of major literary works in pre – liberation period (1919-1949)-

(a) Lao She=======Four Generations , Rickshaw-puller.
(b) Ba Jin========Family.
(c) Lu Xul========Medicine , Madman’s Diary. The True Story of Ah Q.
(d) Mao Dun======Midnight
(e) Ai Quing ======Coal’s Reply (Mei de Duihua), Begger (Qigai),I Love This Land (Wo Ai Zhe Tudi), Old Man (Laoren)
(f) Guo Moruo=====The Goddesses.
3. Role of Philosophy and Religion in the Development of Chinese Society.
SECTION-B
Socio- Economic/ Political / Educational / Sports /Science and Technological Development since 1979.
Critical appreciation of major literary works in post – liberation period (1949 till date)-
(a) Gu Hua======= The Town Called Hibiscus (Furonzhen)
(b) Chen Rong===== Till the Middle Age (Ren dao Zhongnian)
(c) Liu Xinwu===== The Class- in – Charge (Ban Zhuren)
(d) Lu Yao======== The Human Existence (Rensheng)
(e) Ai Qing======== Fish Fossil, The Mirror, The Gardener's Dream, The Hunter Who Drew Birds
(f) Shu Ting======= Motherland , My Beloved Motherland.

BENGALI

2008-12-10T02:02:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I
History of Language and Literature . Answers must be written in Bengali.
SECTION-A
Topics from the History of Bangla language-
The chronological track from Proto Indo- European to Bangla (Family tree with branches and approximate dates).
Historical stages of Bangla (Old, Middle, New) and their linguistic features.
Dialects of Bangla and their distinguishing characteristics.
Elements of Bangla Vocabulary.
Forms of Bangla Literary Prose- Sadhu and Chalit.
Processes of language change relevant for Bangla.
Apinihiti (Anaptyxis), Abhishruti (umlaut), Murdhanyibhavan (cerebralization), Nasikyibhavan (Nasalization), Samibhavan (Assimilation), Sadrishya (Analogy), Svaragama (Vowel insertion )- Adi Svarggama, Madhya Svaragama or Svarabhakti, Antya Svaragama, Svarasangati (Vowel hormny), y- Shruti and w- shruti.
Problems of standardization and reform of alphabet and spelling , and those of transliteration and Romanization.
Phonology, Morphology and Syntax nf Mndern Bangla.
(Snundr nf Mnddrn Bangla, Bonjtnbts; word formathons , compounds; basic sentence patterns.)
SECTION-B
Topics from the History of Bangla Literature-
1. Periodization of Bangla Literature- Old Bangla and Middle Bangla.
2. Points of difference between modern and pre-modern Bangla Literature.
3. Roots and reasons behind the emergence of modernity in Bangla Literature.
4. Evolution of various Middle Bangla forms- Mangal kavyas, Vaishnava lyrics , Adapted narratives (Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavata) and religious biographies.)
5. Secular forms in middle Bangla literature.
6. Narrative and lyric trends in the nineteenth century Bengla poetry.
7. Development of prose.
8. Bangla dramatic literature (nineteenth century, Tagore, Post – 1944 Bangla drama).
9. Tagore and post – Tagoreans.
10. Fiction , major authors- (Bankimchandra, Tagore . Saratchandra, Bibhutibusan , Tarasankar , Manik).
11. Women and Bangla literature- creators and created.
PAPER-II
Prescribed texts for close study. Answers must be written in Bengali.
SECTION-A
12. Vaishnava Padavali (Calcutta University)
Poems of Vidyapati, Chandidas , Jnanadas Govindadas and Balaramdas.
13. Chandimangal Kalketu episode by Mukunda (Sahitya Akademi).
14. Chaitanya Charitamrita Madya Lila, by Krishnadas Kaviraj (Sahitya Akademi).
15. Meghnadbadh Kavya by Madhusudan Dutta.
16. Kapalkundala by Bankimchandra Chattarjee.
17. Samya and Bangadesher Krishak by Bankimchandra Chatterjee.
18. Sonar fari by Rabindranath Tagore.
19. Chhinnapatravali by Rabindranath Tagore.
SECTION-B
1. Raktakarabi by Rabindranath Tagore.
2. Nabajatak by Rabindarnath Tagore.
3. Grihadaha by Saratchandra Chatterjee.
4. Prabandha Samgraha Vol.1, by Pramatha Choudhuri.
5. Aranyak by Bidhutibhushan Banerjee
6. Short stories by Manik Bandyopadhyay- Atashi Mami, Pragaitihasik, Holud- Pora, Sarisrip, Haraner Natjamai , Chhoto- Bokulpurer Jatri, Kustharogir Bou, Jakey Ghush Ditey Hoy.
7. Shrestha Kavita by Jibanananda Das.
8. Jagori by Satinath Bhaduri.
9. Ebam Indrajit by Badal Sircar.

ASSAMESE

2008-12-10T01:11:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Assamese
SECTION –A
Language
(a) History of the origin and development of the Assamese languages-periods in its position among the Indo- Aryan Languages- periods in its history.
(b) Developments of Assamese prose.
(c) Vowels and consonants of the Assamese languages- rules of phonetic changes with stress on Assamese coming down from Old Indo- Aryan.
(d) Assamese vocabulary- and its sources.
(e) Morphology of the language – conjugation- enclitic definitives and pleonastic suffixes.
(f) Dilectical divergences- the standard colloquial and the Kamrupi dialect in particulars.
(g) Assamese scripts –its evolution through the ages till 19th century A.D.
SECTION –B
Literary Criticism and Literary History
(a) Principles of Literary criticism upto New criticism.
(b) Different literary genres.
(c) Development of literary forms in Assamese.
(d) Development of literary criticism in Assames.
(e) Periods of the literary history of Assam from the earliest beginnings, i.e from the period of the charyyageets with their socio-cultural back- ground-the proto Assamese- Pre- Sandaradeva- Sankaradeva- post Sankaradeve – Moddrn perind (from the coming of the Britishers), Post – Independence period .Special emphasis is to be given on the Vaisnavite period , the gonaki and the post – Independence period.
PAPER-II
This paper will require first-hand reading of the text prescribed and will be designed to test the candidates’ critical ability. Answers must be written in Assamese.
SECTION-A
Ramayana (Ayodhya Kanda only)-by Madhava Kandali
Parijat – Harana-by Sankaradeva.
Rasakrida-by Sankaradeva (From Kirtana Ghosa).
Bargeet –by Madhavadeva.
Rajasuya-by Madhavadeva.
Katha –Bhagavata (Book I and II)- by Baikunthanath Bhattacharyya.
Gurucarit- Katha (Sankaradeva’s Part only)-ed , by Maheswar Neog.
SECTION-B
Mor Jeevan Sonwaran – by Lakshminath Bezbaroa.
Kripabar Barbaruar Kakatar Topola- by Lakshminath Bezbaroa.
Pratima –by Chandra Kumar Agarwalla.
Gaonburha-by Rajanikanta Bordoloi.
Purani Asamiya Sahitya –by Banikanta Kakati.
Karengar Ligri-by Jyotiprasad Agarwalla
Jeevanar Batat- by Bina Barwa (Birinchi Kumar Barya)
Mrityunjoy- by Birendrakuar Bhattacharyxa
Samrat-by Navakanta Barua.

Great Personality : APJ Abdul Kalam Azad

2008-12-08T08:27:00.000-08:00

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam born October 15, 1931, Tamil Nadu, India, usually referred to as Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, was the eleventh President of India, serving from 2002 to 2007. Due to his unconventional working style, he is also popularly known as the People's President. Before his term as India's president, he distinguished himself as engineering visionary and was awarded India's highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna in 1997 for his work with DRDO and his role as scientific advisor to the Indian government. He is popularly known as the Missile Man of India for his work on development of ballistic missile and space rocket technology. In India he is considered a progressive mentor, innovator and visionary. Kalam played a pivotal organizational, technical and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear test in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974. He is a professor at Anna University (Chennai) and adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India.

Political Views

Kalam's probable views on certain issues have been espoused by him in his book India 2020 where he strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a knowledge superpower and into a developed nation by the year 2020. Kalam is credited with the view that India ought to take a more assertive stance in international relations; he regards his work on India's nuclear weapons program as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.
Kalam continues to take an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology as well. He has proposed a research programme for developing bio-implants. He is a supporter of Open source software over proprietary solutions and believes that the use of open source software on a large scale will bring more people the benefits of information technology.
Kalam's belief in the power of science to resolve society's problems and his views of these problems as a result of inefficient distribution of resources is modernistic. He also sees science and technology as ideology-free areas and emphasizes the cultivation of scientific temper and entrepreneurial drive. In this, he finds a lot of support among India's new business leaders like the founders of Infosys and Wipro, (leading Indian IT corporations) who began their careers as technology professionals much in the same way Kalam did.
His views on issues of peace and weapons are controversial. He is quoted as follows:
In the 3,000-year history of India, barring 600 years, the country has been ruled by others. If you need development, the country should witness peace and peace is ensured by strength. Missiles were developed to strengthen the country.

ARABIC

2008-12-08T03:21:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I (SECTION-A)
Answers must be written in Arabic
1. (a) Origin and development of language an outline.
(b) Significant features of the grammar of the language, Rhetorics, Prosody.
(c) Short Essay in Arabic.
SECTION-B
2.Literary History and Literary Criticism- Socio- Cultural Background, Classical literature , literary movements , modern trends, origin and development of modern prose- drama, novel, short story, essay.
PAPER-II
This paper will requird first hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidate’s critical ability. Answers must be written in Arabic.
SECTION-A
POETS-
a. Imraul Qais- Qifa Nabke Min Zikra Habibin Wa Manzili (complete) Al Muallaqatus Saba
Hassan bin Thabit- Lillahi Darru Isabatin Nadamtuhum (complete) Diwan Hassan Bin Thabit
Jarir- Hayyu Umamata Wazkuru Ahdan Mada
To
Jalbas Sifahi Wa Damiation Bikila Nukhbatul Adab- Deptt. Of Arabic, A.M.U. Aligarh
Farzdaq- Hazal Lazi Tariful Batha-o-Watatuhu (complete)
Majmuatun Minan Nazm-I- Wan Nasr, Jamia Salafiah, Varanasi
5.Al Mutanabbi – Ya Ukhta Khair-e- Akhin YA Binta Khair-e- Abin
To
Aqamahul Fikru Bainal ljz-e- Wattaabi Nukhbatul Adab , Deptt. Of Arabic, A.M.U. Aligarh.
6. Abul Ala Al- Maari- Ala Fi Sabil Majdi Ma Ana Faailu
To
Wa Ya Nafsu Jiddi Inna Dahraki Hazilu Majmuatul Minan Nazm-I-Wan Nasr, Jamia Salafia, Varanasi.
7. Shauqi – Wulidal Huda Falkainatu Diau
To
Makhtara IIIa Dinakal Fuqarau Salamun neeli Ya Ghandi (complete) Shauqiat.
Hafiz lbrahim- Rajatu Linafsi Fattahamtu Hasati (complete) Nukhbatul Adab
llya Abu Madi- Damatun Kharsao (complete)
Mukhtarat Minal Sher Al Arabi Al Hadith, M.M. Badwi
SECTION-B
(a) Authors Books
Lessons
1. Ibnul Muqaffa Kalilah Wa Dimnah
Al Asad Wal Thaur
2. Al- jahiz Mukhtarat Min Adabil
Arab Bakhilum Hakim (complete)
Part-II By – S.A. Hasan Ali Nadwi
3. Ibn Khaldun Muqaddamh
Araun Fit Talim (complete)
4. Mahmud Taimur Qalar Rawi
Am Mutawalli (complete)
5. Taufiqual Hakim Masrahiyat
Sirrul Muntahira (complete)
6. Abbas Mahmud Aqqad Mukhtarat Min Adabil Arab-II
Assiddiq (complete)
(b) Study of Indian Authors
1. Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgrami
2. Shah Walullah Dehlavi
3. Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi
4. Abdul Aziz Meman
5. Syed Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi

LAW

2008-12-07T20:38:00.001-08:00

LAW (PAPER-I)
Section-A
1.CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INDIA
1.Nature of the India Constitution; the distinctive features of its federal character.
2.Fundamental Rights
3.Relationship between Fundamental Rights
Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties.
4.Constitutional position of the Preshdent and relatinn whth the Bounbil nf Ministers.
5.Governor and his Powers
6.Appointment and Transfer of Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
7.Supreme Court and High Courts – Power and Jurisdiction .
8.Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commission – Power and Functions.
9.Distribution of Legislative Powers between the Union and the States.
10.Administrative Relationship between the Union and the States.
11.Emergency Provisions.
12.Constitutional safeguards to Civil Servants.
13.Parliamentary Privileges.
14.Amendment of the Constitution.
15.Principles of Natural Justice.
16.Delegated Legislation- Its constitutionality , judicial and legislative controls.
17.Judicial Review of Administrative Action.
(Section –B) 2. INTERNATIONAL LAW
1.Nature and Definition of International Law.
2.Relationship between International Law and Municipal Law.
3.State Recognition and State Succession.
4.Sea- Inland Waters. Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and High Seas.
5.Indivhduals , nathonality , statelessness: Hulan Right and prncedtres available for their enforcement.
6.Territorial jurisdiction of State ,Extradition and Asylum.
7.Treaties- Formation , application, termination and reservation.
8.United Nations- Its principal organs, power and function .
9.Settlement of Disputes .
10.Lawful recourse to force- aggressions , self – defence, intervention .
11.Legality of the use of nuclear weapons, ban on testing of nuclear weapons; Nuclear non- proliferation treaty. CTBT.
12.International Terrorism State sponsored terrorism. Hijacking , International Criminal Court.
13.New International Economic order and Monetary law : WTO, TRIPS, GATT, IMF, World Bank.
14.Protection and Improvement of the Human Environment : International Efforts.
PAPER-II (Section-A ) LAW OF CRIMES AND TORTS
Law of Crimes-
1.General Principles of Criminal Liability : mens rea and actus reus, Mens rea in statutory offences.
2.Applications of the Indian Penal Code.
3.Kinds of Punishment.
4.Preparations and criminal attempts.
5.General exceptions.

6.Joint and cnnstructhve liabhlitx.
7.Abetmdnt.

8.Criminal conspiracy.
9.Offences against the State.
10.Offences against public tranquility.
11.Offences against human body.
12.Offences against property.
13.Offences Relating to Marriage.
14.Defamation.
15.Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
16.Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.
17.Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
Law of Torts-
1. Nature and definition.
2. Liability based upon fault and strict liability.
3. Vicarious liability including State Liability.
4. General defences.
5. Joint tortfeasors.
6. Remedies.
7. Negligence.
8. Defamation.
9. Nuisance.
10. Conspiracy.
11. False imprisonment.
12. Malicious Prosecution.
13. Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
(Section-B) II. LAW OF CONTRACTS AND MERCANTILE LAW
1. Formation of Contract.
2.Factors vitiating consent.
3.Void, voidable , illegal and unenforceable agreements.
4.Performance and discharge of contracts.
5.Quasi- contracts.
6.Consequences of breach of contract.
7.Contract of Agency.
8.Sale of goods and hire purchase.
9.Formation and dissolution of partnership.
10.Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
11.Arbitration and Bonchliation Act, 1986.
Literature of thd followhng langtager-
Note (i) –A candidate may be required to answer some or all the questions in the language concerned.
Note (ii) – In regard to the languages included in the Eighth Schedule to Constitution , the scripts will be the same as indicated in Section II (B) of Appendix I relating to Main Examination.
Note (iii) – Candidates should note that the questions not required to be answered in a specific language will have to be answered in the language medium indicated by them for answering papers on Essay, General Studies and Optional Subjects.

HISTORY

2008-12-04T18:56:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I
SECTION-A
1.Sources and approaches to study of early Indian history.
2.Early pastoral and agricultural communities . The archaeological evidence.
3.The Indus Civilization : its origins, nature and decline.
4.Patterns of settlement , economy social organization and religion in India (c. 2000 to 500 B.C.) : archaeological perspectives.
5.Evolution of north Indian society and culture : evidence of Vedic texts (Samhitas to Sutras).
6.Teachings of Mahavira and Buddha. Contemporary society. Early phase of state formation and urbanization.
7.Rise of Magadha; Mauryan empire . Ashoka’s inscriptions; his dhamma. Nature of the Mauryan state.
8-9 Post of Mauryan period in northern and peninsular India: Political and administrative history ,. Society , economy, culture and religion. Tamilaham and its society : the Sangam texts.
10-11. India in the Gupta and post – Gupta period (to c.750) : Political history of northern and peninsular India ; Samanta system and changes in political structure; economy; social structure; culture ; religion.
12. Themes in early Indian cultural history : languages and texts; major stages in the evolution of Art And Architecture; major philosophical thinkers and schools; ideas in science and mathematics .
Section-B
13. India 750-1200 : Policy, society and economy. Major dynasties and political structures in North India. Agrarian structures . ‘Indian feudalism’ . Rise of Rajputs. The Imperial Cholas and their contemporaries in Peninsular India. Villagle communities in the South Conditions of woman . Commerce mercantile groups and guilds . Problem of coinage. Arab conquest of Sind; the Ghaznavide empire.
14. India, 750-1200 : Culture, Literature , Kalhana, historian Styles of temple architecture; sculpture. Religious thought and institutions : Sankaracharya’a Vedanta . Raanuja. Growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India. Sufism. Indian science . Alberuni and his study of Indian science and civilization.
15. The 13th Century. The Ghorian invasions. Factors behind Ghorian success. Economic , social and cultural consequences. Foundation of Delhi Sultanate. The ‘Slave’ Dynasty. Iltutmish; Balban. ‘The Khalji Revolution’. Early Sultanate. Archiecture.
16. The 14th Century. Alauddin Khalji’s conquests agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughluq’s major ‘projects’ Firuz Tughluq’s concessions and public works. Decline of the Sultante . Foreing contacts : Ibn Battuta.
17. Economy society and culture in the 13th and 14th centuries . Caste and slavery under sultanate . Tehnological changes. Sultanate architecture. [Persian literature : Amir Khusrau , Historiography ; Ziya Barani. Evolution of a composite culture . Sufism in North India. Lingayats. Bhakti schools in the south.
18. The 15th and early 16th Century (Political History). Rise of Provincial Dynasties : Bengal , Kashmir (Zainul Abedin) , Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids . The Vijayanagara Empire . Lodis, Muhgal Empire, First phase : Babur, Humayun. The Sur Empire : Sher Shah’s administration . The Portuguese colonial enterprise.
19. The 15th and early 16th Century (society , economy and culture) Regional cultures and literatures. Provincial architectural styles . Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire. Monotheistic movements : Kabir and Guru Nanak. Bhakti Movements :Chaitanya . Sufism in its pantheistic phase.
20. Akbar : His conquests and consolidation of empire. Establishment of Jagir and mansab system. His Rajput policy . Evolution of religious and social outlook. Theory of Sulh-I-kul and religious policy . Abul Fazl , thinker and historian. Court patronage of art and technology.
21. Mughal empire in the 17th Century. Major policies (administrative and religious ) of Jahangir , Shahjahan and Aurangzeb. The Empire and the Zamindars . Nature of the Mughal state . Late 17th Century crisis : Revolts . The Ahom kingdom. Shivaji and early maratha kingdom.
22. Economy and society , 16th and 17th Centuries . Population. Agricultural and craft production . Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies-a ‘trade revolution’ Indian merchantile classes . Banking , insurance and credit system . Conditions of peasants , famines . Condition of Women.
23. Culture during Mughal Empire . Persian literature (including historical works). Hindi and religious literatures. Mughal architecture. Mughal painting. Provincial schools of architecture and painting . Classical music. Science and technology . Sawai Jai Singh , astronomer. Mystic eclecticism : Dara Shikoh. Vaishnav Bhakti . Mahrasthra Dharma. Evolution of the Sikh community (Khalsa).
24. First half of 18th Century : Factors behind decline of the Mughal Empire . The regional principalities (Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal , Awadh). Rise of Maratha ascendancy under the peshwas . The Maratha fiscal and financial system . Emergency of Afghan Power . Panipat , 1761 . Internal weakness, political cultural and economic , on eve of the British conquest.
PAPER-II
Section –A
1. Establishment of British rule in India : Factors behind British success against India powers- Mysore, Maratha Confederacy and the Punjab as major powers in resistance; policy of subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse.
2. Colonial Economy : Tribute system . Drain of wealth and deindustrialisation’ , Fiscal pressures and revenue settlements (Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari settlements); Structure of the British raj up to 1857(including the Acts of 1773 and 1784 and administrative organization).
3. Resistance of colonia rule : Early uprisings ; Causes, nature and impact of the Revolt of 1857; Reorganisation of the Raj, 1858 and after.
4. Socio-cultural impact of colonial rule : Official social reform measures (1828-57 ) ; Orientalist – Anglicist controversy; coming of English education and the press; Christian missionary activities ; Bengal Renaissance; Social and religious reform movements in Bengal and other areas ; Women as focus of social reform.
5. Economy 1858-1914 : Railways; Commercialisation of Indian agriculture; Growth of landless labourers and rural indebtedness; Famines; India as market for British industry; Customs removal, exchange and countervailing excise ; Limited growth of modern industry.
6. Early Indian Nationalism : Social background ; Formation of national associations; Peasant and tribal uprising during the early nationalist era; Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Moderate phase of the Congress; Growth of Extremism ; The Indian Council Act of 1909; Home Rule Movement ; The Government of India Act of 1919.
7. Inter- War economy of India : Industries and problem of Protection ; Agricultural distress; the Great Depression ; Ottawa agreements and Discriminatory Protection; the growth of trade unions; The Kisan Movement; The economic programme of the Congress ‘Karachi resolution , 1931.
8. Nationalism under Gandhi’s leadership : Gandhi’s carer, thought and methods of mass mobilisation ; Rowlatt Satyagraha, Khilafat- Non Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, 1940 Satyagraha and Quit India Movement; State People’s Movement.
9. Other strands of the National Movement : (a) Revolutionary movement since 1905 ; (b) Constitutional politics ; Swarajists , Liberals, Responsive Cooperation;(c) Ideas of Jawaharlal Nehru , (d) The Left (Socialists and Communists); (e) Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army; (f) Communal strands : Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha; (g) Women in the National Movement .
10. Literary and cultural movements : Tagore , Premchand, Subramanyam Bharti , Iqbal as examples only ; New trends in art; Film industry; Writers ‘ Organisations and Theatre Associations.
11. Towards Freedom : The Act of 1935; Congress Ministries, 1937- 1939; The Pakistan Movement; Post –1945 upsurge (PIN Mutiny , Telangana uprising etc.,); Constitutional negotiations and the Transfer of Power , 15 August , 1947.
12. First phase of Independence (1947-64 ) : Facing the consequences of Partition ; Gandhiji’s murder; economic dislocation ; Integration of States; The democratic constitution , 1950; Agrarian reforms; Building an industrial welfare state; Planning and industrialization ; Foreign policy of Non-alignment; Relations with neighbours.
Section –B
13. Enlightenment and Modern ideas :
(i) Renaissance Background
(ii) Major Ideas of Enlightenment : Kant , Rousseau
(iii) Spread of Enlightenment outside Europe
(iv) Rise of socialist ideas (to Marx)
14. Origins of Modern Politics :
(i) European States System
(ii) American Revolution and the Constitution.
(iii) French revolution and after math, 1789-1815.
(iv) British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders , chartists.
15. Industrialization :
(i) English Industrial Revolution : Causes and Impact on Society.
(ii) Industrialization in other countries : USA, Germany , Russia , japan .
(iii) Socialist Industrialization : Soviet and Chinese.
16. Nation- State!System :
(i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th century
(ii) Nationalism : State –building in Germany and Italy
(iii) Disintegration of Empires through thd emergence of nationalities.
17. Imperialism and Coloni`lisl:
(h) Cnlonhal Rystdm (Dxplnitation of New Vorld, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Tribute from Asian Conquests)
(ii) Types of Empire : of settlement and non-settlement : Latin America, South Africa, Indonesia , Aurtralia.
(iii) Imperialism and Free Trade : The New Imperialism.
18. Revolution and Counter- Revolution :
(i) 19th Century European revolutions
(ii) The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921
(iii) Fascist Counter- Revolution , Italy and Germany.
(iv) The Chinese Revolution of 1949.
19. World Wars :
(i) Ist and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars- Societal Implication .
(ii) World War I : Causes and Consequences.
(iii) World War II : Political Consequences
20. Cold War :
(i) Emergence of Two Blocks
(ii) Integration of West Europe and US Strategy ; Communist East Europe
(iii) Emergence of Third World and Non- Alignment
(iv) UN and Dispute Resolution.
21. Colonial Liberation :
(i) Latin America- Bolivar
(ii) Arab World- Egypt
(iii) Africa- Apartheid to Democracy
(iv) South- East Asia- Vietnam
22. Decolonization and Underdevelopment :
(i) Decolonization : Break up of colonial Empires : British , French, Dutch.
(ii) Factors constraining Development : Latin America, Africa.
23. Unification of Europe :
(i) Post War Foundations : NATO and European Community
(ii) Consolidation and Expansion of European Community / European Union.
24. Soviet Disintegration and the Unipolar World
(i) Factors in the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union , 1985-1991.
(ii) Political Changes in East Europe 1989-1992.
(iii) End of the Cold War and US Ascendancy in the World .(iv) Globalization.

GEOLOGY

2008-12-04T18:31:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I >>Section-A
(i) General Geology- The Solar System, meteorities, origin and interior of the earth Radioactivity and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes and products, volcanic belts. Earthquakes- causes, effects, earthquake belts, seismicity of India, intensity and magnitude , seismongraphs. Island arcs, deep sea trenches and mid- ocean ridges. Continental drift- evidences and mechanics; seafloor spreading , plate tectonics. Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Continents and oceans.
(ii) Geomorphology and Remote Sensing- Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and mass wasting . Landforms ,slopes and drainage. Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation. Morphology and its relation to structures and lithology. Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting , civil engineering, hydrology and environmental studies. Geomorphology and India subcontinent.
Aerial photographs and their interpretation- merits and limitations. The Electronmagnetic Spectrum. Orbiting satellites and sensor systems. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites .Satellites data products. Applications of remote sensing in geology. The Geographic Information System and its applications. Global Positioning System.
(iii) Structural Geology- Principles of geologic mapping and map reading , projection diagrams , stress and stress strain ellipsoid and stress- strain relationships of ‘elastic, plastic and viscous materials . Strain markers in deformed rocks . Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions. Folds and faults classification and mechanics .Structural analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints and faults , unconformities, Superposed deformation. Time- relationship between crystallization and deformation. Introduction to petrofabrics.
Section-B
(iv)Paleontology- Species- definition and nomenclature. Megafossils and Microfossils. Modes of preservation of fossils. Different kinds of microfossils. Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum exploration, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies. Morphology, geological history and evolutionary trend in Cephalopoda, Trilobita, Brachiopoda, Echinoidea and Anthoza. Stratigraphic utility of Ammonoidea , Trilobita proboscidae. Siwalik fauna. Gondwana flora and its importance.
(v) Stratigraphy and Geology of India- Classification of stratigraphic swquences : lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships. Distribution and classification of Precembrian rocks of India .Study of stratigraphic distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to Cambrian/ Precambrian. Permian/ Triassic. Cretaceous/ Tertiary and Pliocene/ Pleistocene. Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity in the Indian subcontinent in the geological past. Tectonic framework of India . Evolution of the Himalayas.
(vi) Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology- Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water. Movement of subsurface water. Springs. Porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient , classification of aquifers. Water- bearing characteristics of rocks. Groundwater chemistry . Salt water intrusion. Types of wells . Drainage basin morphometry . Exploration for groundwater. Groundwater recharge. Problems and management of groundwater. Rainwater harvesting. Engineering properties of rocks. Geological investigations for dams, tunnels and bridges. Rock as construction material. Alkali- aggregate reaction. Landslides- causes, prevention and rehabilitation. Earthquake- resistant structures.
PAPER-II
Section-A
(i) Mineralogy- Classification of crystals into systems and classes of symmetry. International system of crystallographic notation. Use of projection diagrams to represent crystal symmetry . Crystal defects . Elements of X-ray crystallography .
Petrological microscope and accessories. Optical properties of common rock forming minerals . Pleochroism, extinction angle, double refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals.
Physical and chemical characters of rock forming slilicate mineral groups .Structural classification of silicates . Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the carbonate , phosphate , sulphide and halide groups.
(ii)Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology- Generation and crystallization of magma crystallization of albite- anorthite, diopside- anorthite and diopside- wollastonite- silica systems. Reaction principle . Magmatic differentiation and assimilation. Petrogenetic significance of he textures and structures of igneous rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis of granite , syenite, diorite , basic and ultrabasic groups, charnockite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks. Carbonatites . Deccan volcanic province.
Type and agents of metamporphism. Metamporphic grades and zones. Phase rule. Facies of regional and contact metamophism. ACF and AKF diagrams. Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism of arenaceous, argillaceous and basic rocks. Minerals assemblages Retrograde metamorphism. Metasomatism and granitisation, migmatites , Granulite terrains of India.
(iii)Sedimentology- Sedimentary rocks : Processes of formation. Diagenesis and lithification. Properties of sediments. Clastic and non-clastic rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional environment. Sedimentary facies and provenance. Sedimentary structures and their significance. Heavy minerals and their significance. Sedimentary basins of India.
Section- B
(iv) Economic Geology- Ore, ore minerals and gangue , tenor of ore, classification of ore deposits. Process of formation of minerals deposits. Controls of ore localization. Ore textures and structures. Metallogenic epochs and provinces . Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminium , chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead, zinc, manganese , titanium, uranium and thorium and industrial minerals. Deposits of coal and petroleum in India. National mineral Policy .Conservation and utilization of mineral resources. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
(v)Mining Geology- Methods of prospecting – geological , geo- physical , geochemical and geobotanical . Techniques of sampling. Estimation of reserves or ore. Methods of exploration and mining metallic ores, industrial minerals and marine mineral mineral resources. Mineral benefication and ore dressing.

(vi)Geochemistry and Environmental Geology- Cosmic abundance of elements . Composition of the planets and meteorites .Structure and composition of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types of chemical bonds, coordination number. Isolmorphism and polymorphism. Elementary thermodynamics. Natural hazards-floods, landslides, coastal erosion, earthquakes and volcanic activity and mitigation . Environmental impact of urbanization open cast mining , industrial and radioactive waste disposal use of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly-ash . Pollution of ground and surface water , marine pollution, Environment protection- legislative measures in India.

GEOGRAPHY

2008-12-04T18:18:00.001-08:00

PAPER-I >>PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY
SECTION-A >>PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
(i) Geomorphology- Factors controlling landform development; endo-genetic and exogenetic forces; origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; physical conditions of the earth’s interior; geosynclines; continental drift; isostasy; sea floor spreading; plate tectonics; mountain building; volcanicity; earthquakes; concepts of geomorphic cycles; landforms associated with fluvial, arid , glacial, coastal and karst cycle; ground- water; Applied Geomorphology.
(ii)Climatology- Temperature and pressure belts of the world; heat budget of the earth; atmospheric circulation; planetary and local winds; monsoons and jet streams; air masses and fronts; temperate and tropical cyclones ; types and distribution of precipitation; Koppen’s and Thornth-waite’s classification of world climate; hydrological cycle; climatic change.
(iii)Oceanography- Bottom topography of the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans; temperature and salinity of the oceans; ocean deposits; ocean currents and tides; marine resources- biotic, mineral and energy resources; coral reefs; sea-level changes.
(iv) Biogeography- Genesis of soils; classification and distribution of soils; soil profile; soil erosion and conservation; factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals ; problems of deforestation and conservation measures ; social forestry , agro-forestry.
(v) Environmental Geography- Human ecological adaptations; transformation of nature by man; environmental degradation and conservation ; ecosystems and their management : global ecological imbalances problems of pollution, global warming , reduction in bio-diversity and depletion of forests.
SECTION-B
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
(i) Perspectives in Human Geography- A real differentiation; regional synthesis; dichotomy and dualism; environmentalism; quantitative revolution and location and locational analysis ; radical behavioural , human and welfare approaches; cultural regions of the world; human and welfare approaches; Cultural regions of the world; human development indicators.
(ii) Economic Geography- World economic development measurement and problems; world resources and their distribution ; energy crisis; the limits to growth ; world agriculture- typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; food and nutrition problems; famine- causes, effects and remedies; world industries- location patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.
(iii)Population and Settlement Geography- Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; causes and consequencies of migration; concepts of over- under – and optimum population; world population problems.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; hierarchy of urban settlements; concept of primate city and rank-size rule; functional classification of towns; sphere of urban influence; rural- urban fringe; satellite town; problems of urbanization.
(iv)Regional Planning- Concept of a region; types of regions and methods of regionalisation; growth centers and growth poles; regional imbalances; environmental issues planning ; planning for sustainable development.
(v) Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography- System analysis in Human Geography; Malthusian, Marxian and Demographic Transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber’s model of industrial location; Rostov’s model of stages of growth . Heartland and Rimaland theories; laws of international boundaries and frontiers.
Note- Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.
PAPER-II
GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
SECTION-A
(i) Physical Setting- Space relationship of India with neighbouring countries; structure and relief ; drainage system and watersheds; physiographic regions; mechanism of India monosoons; tropical cyclones and western disturbances; floods and droughts ; climatic regions; natural vegetacrisis.
(ii)Resources- Land , surface and ground-water , energy, minerals , and biotic resources, their distribution utilization and conservation ; energy crisis.
(iii)Agriculture- Infrastructure – irrigation, seeds , fertilizers, power; institutional factors- land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity , crop combination, land capability; agro- and social forestry; green revolution and its socio- economic and ecological implications; significance of dry farming; livestock resources and white revolution; blue revolution ; agricultural regionalisation; agro- climatic zones.
(iv)Industry- Evolution of industries; locational factors of cotton, jute, iron and steel , fertilizer , paper, drugs and pharmaceutical , automobile and cottage industries ; industrial complexes and industrial regionalisation ; new industrial policy; multinationals and liberalization.
(v) Transport , Communication and Trade- Road , railway, waterway, airway and pipeline network and their complementary roles in regional development; growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade, trade balance; free trade and export promotion zones; developments in communication technology and its impact on economy and society.
Section-B
(i)Cultural Setting- Racial and ethnic diversities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems ; role of language , religion and tradition in the formation of cultural regions; growth , distribution and density of population; demographic attributes- sex –ratio, age structure , literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio and longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra-regional and international) and associated problems, population problems and policies.
(ii) Settlements- Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; urban development ; census definition of urban areas; morphology of Indian cities; functional classification of India cities; conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; slums and associated problems; town planning; problems of urbanization.
(iii) Regional Development and Planning- Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; integrated rural development programmes; panchayati raj and decentralized planning; command area development; watershed management; planning for backward area, desert drought-prone, hill and tribal area development; multi-level planning; geography and regional planning.
(iv) Political Aspects- Geographical basis of Indian federalism; state reorganization; regional consciousness and national integration; international boundary of India and related issues; disputes on sharing of water resources; India and geopolitics of the India Ocean.
(v) Contemporary Issues- Environmental hazards- landslides, earthquakes, floods and droughts, epidemics; issues related to environmental pollution, changes in patterns of land use; principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management ; population explosion and food security; environmental degradation ; problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; regional disparities in economic development; concept of sustainable growth and development. Note- Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2008-12-04T17:58:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I
Electrical Circuits-Theory and Applications- Circuit components; network graphs; KCL, KVL; circuit analysis methods –nodal analysis ,mesh analysis; basic network theorems and applications ; transient analysis – RL, RC and RLC circuits; sinusoidal steady state analysis; resonant circuits and applications; coupled circuits and applications; balanced 3- phase circuits Two-port network, driving point and transfer functions; poles and zeros of network functions. Elements of network synthesis . Filter – theory- design and application . Active filters. Circuit simulation- Input formats; methods of education formulation; solution of equations; output formats; SPICE.
Signals and Systems- Representation of continuous – time and discrete-time signals & systems; LTI systems; convolution; impulse response , time domain analysis of LTI system based on convolution and differential/ difference equations. Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform, Transfer function. Sampling and recovery of signals DFT, FFT Processing of analog signals through discrete- time systems.
E.M. Theory- Maxwell’s equations, wave propagation in bounded media. Boundary conditions reflection and refraction of plane waves. Transmission line- Distributed parameter circuits , traveling and standing waves, impedance matching . Smith chart. Wave guides- parallel plane guide, TE , TM and TEM wave , rectangular and cylindrical wave guides , resonators. Planar transmission lines; stripline, microstripline.
Analog Electronics- Characteristics and equivalent circuits (large and small- signal) of Diode, BJT, JEET and MOSFET . Diode circuits- clipping , clamping, rectifier, Biasing and bias stability. FET amplifiers .Current mirror; Amplifiers – single and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power , Analysis of amplifiers; frequency- response of amplifiers. OPAMP circuits. Filters; sinusoidal oscillators- criterion for oscillation; single transistor and OPAMP configurations, Function generators and wave- shaping circuits. Power supplies.
Digital Electronics- Boolean algebra; minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits – arithmetic circuits , code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits- latches and flops, counters and shift- registers. Comparators, timers, multivibrators. Sample and hold circuits , ADCs and DACs Semiconductor memories .Logic implementation using programmable devices (ROM, PLA, FPGA).
Energy Conversion- Principles of electromechanical energy conversion- Torque and emf in rotating machines. DC machines- characteristics and performance analysis ; starting and speed control of motors.
Transformers- Principles of operation and analysis ; regulation efficiency; 3-phase transformers. 3-phase induction machines and synchronous machines- characteristics and performance analysis; speed control .Special machines- Stepper motors, Brushless dc motors, permanent magnet motors single- phase motors; FHP.
Power Electronics and Electric Drives- Semiconductor power devices- diode, transistor , thyristor, triac ,GTO and MOSFET- static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits ; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters- fully – controlled and half- controlled; principles of thyristor choppers and inverters; basic concepts of speed control of dc and ac motor drives applications of variable- speed drives.
Analog Communication- Random variables- continuous, discrete; probability, probability . Statististical averages; probability models; Random signals and noise; signal to noise ratio. Linear CW modulation- Amplitude modulation – DSB, DSB- SC and SSB. Modulators and Demodulators; Phase and Frequency modulation- PM & Fm signals; narrowband modulation system- Superhetrodyne receivers, AM receivers, communication ratio calculation for AM and FM receivers.
Microwaves and Antenna- Electromagnetic radiation, Propagation of waves- ground waves , sky wave, space wave, tropospheric scatter propagation. Extraterrestrial communications. Antenna- Various types, gain, resistance , band – width , beamwidth and polarization, effect of ground. Antenna coupling; high frequency antennas; microwave antennas; special purpose antennas . Microwave Services – Klystron , magnetron , TWT, gun diodes, Impatt , Bipolar and FETs, Microwave intergrated circuits . Microwave measurements.
PAPER-II
Control Systems- Elements of control systems; block – diagram representation; open- loop & closed- loop systems; principles and applications of feed- back . LTI systems – time domain and transform- domain analysis . Stability- Routh Hurwitz criterion, root-loct, Nyquist’s criterion, Bode-plots, Design of lead-lad compensators. Proportional, PL, PID controllers. State- variable representation and analysis of control systems. Principles of discrete- control systems.
Electrical Engineering Materials- Electrical / electronic behaviour of materials – conductivity; free –electrons and band-theory; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor, p-n junction; solar cells , super- conductivity. Dielectric behaviour of materials; polarization phenomena; piezo- electric phenomena. Magnetic materials – behaviour and application, Photonic materials – refractive index, absorption and emission of light , optical fibres, lasers and opto- electronic materials.
Microprocessors and microcomputers- 8-bit microprocessor- architecture, CPU, module design, memory interfacing , I/O, Peripheral controllers, Multiprocessing . IBM PC architecture – overview , introduction to DOS , Advanced microprocessors.
Measurement and Instrumentation- Error analysis ; measurement of current voltage, power , energy, power-factor, resistance, inductance, capacitance and frequency; bridge measurements . Electronic measuring instruments- multimeter, CRO, digital voltmeter , frequency counter, Q-meter, spectrum- analyzer , distortion-meter. Transducers- thermocouple, thermistor , LVDT, strain- gauge, piezo- electric crystal. Use of transducers in measurements of non-electrical quantities. Data- acquisition systems.
IC Technology – Overview of IC Technology, Unit-step used in IC fabrication- water cleaning , photo- lithography, wet and dry etching , oxidation, diffusion , ion-implantation, CVD and LPCVD techniques for deposition of Poly- silicon, silicon, silicon-nitride and silicon di –oxide ; metallisation and passivation.
Power System – Analysis and Control- Steady- state performance of overhead transmission lines and cables; principles of active and reactive power transfer and distribution ; per unit quantities; bus admittance and impedance matrices ; load flow; voltage control and power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical components, analysis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. Concept of system stability – swing curves and equal area criterion. Static VAR system. Basic concepts to energy control centers; various states of a power system; SCADA systems and RTUs Active power control- Speed control of generators, tie- line control, frequency control . Economic dispatch.
Power system protection- Principles of overcurrent , differential and distance protection. Concept of solid state relays. Circuit brakers. Computer aided protection- Introduction; line bus , generator, transformer protection; numeric relays and application of DSP to protection.
Non- conventional Energy Sources and Energy Management- Introduction to the energy problem; difficulties with conventional energy sources. Wind – Energy- Basics of Wind turbine aerodynamics; wind energy conversion systems and their integration into electrical grid. Solar – Energy- Thermal conversion; photovoltaic conversion. Wave- energy. Importance of Energy Management – Energy audit; energy economics – discount rate , payback period, internal rate of return, life cycle costing.
Digital communication- Pulse code modulation (PCM) , differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM) , Digital modulation and demodulation schemes- amplitude, phase and frequency keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK). Error control coding – error detection and correction, linear block codes, convolution codes. Information measure and source coding . Data network , 7 – layer architecture.
Satellite Communication , Radar and TV- Satellite Communication – General overview and technical characteristics , earth station equipment , satellite link design , CNR of Satellite system, Radar- Basic principles , Pulsed systems- CW Doppler radar, FMCW radar, Phase array radars. Television systems- Television systems and standards , Black- and White- and Colour- TV transmission and receiver systems.
Fibre Optic System- Multiplexing – Time division multiplexing, Frequency Division multiplexing . Optical properties of materials- Refractive index absorption and emission of light , optical fibres, lasers and optoelectronic materials Fibre optic links.

ECONOMICS

2008-12-04T00:29:00.000-08:00

PAPER- I

1. Ricardian, Marshallian and Walrasain approaches to price determination. Type of Markets and price determination. Criteria or Welfare improvement . Alternate theories of distribution.
2.Functions of money- Measurement of price level changes- Money and real balances, Monetary standards- High powered money and the Quantity theosy of money, its variants and critiques therof – Demand for and supply of money- The money multiplier . Theories of determination of interest rate – Interest and prices – Theories of inflation and control of inflathon.
3.Full employment and Says ’Law under – elployment equilibrium- Keynes’ Theory of employment (and income) determination – Critiques of Keynesian Theory.
4.The modern monetary system – Banks, non – bank financial intermediaries, Discount House , and Central Bank. Structure of Money and financial markets and control . Money market instruments , bills and bonds. Real and nominal interest rates. Goals and instruments of monetary management in closed and open economics . Relation between the Central Bank and the Treasury . Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money.
5.Public finance and its role in market economy in stabilization, supply stability , allocative efficiency, distribution and development . Sources of revenue- Forms of Taxes and subsidies, their incidence and effects; Limits to taxation , loans , crowding – out effects , and limits to borrowing . Types of budget deficits – Public expenditure and its effects.
International Economics-
(i) Old and New theories of International Trade.
(a) Comparative adv`ntafd , Terlr of and offdr btrvd.
(b( Prndubt cxble `nd Rtr`tegic trade theories.
(c) “ Trade as an engine of growth” and theories of underdevelopment in an open economy.
(ii) Balance of Payments Adjustments Alternative Approaches.
(a) price versus income , income adjustments under fixed exchange rates.
(b) Theories of policy mix.
(c) Exchange rate adjustments under capital mobility.
(d) Floating Rates and their implications for developing countries; Currency Boards.
(iv) (a) IMF and the World Bank.
(b) W.T.O.
(c) Trade Blocks and monetary unions.
Growth and development-
Theories of growth- Classical and neoclassical theories; The Harrod model; economic development under surplus Labour; wage – goods as a constraint on growth; relative importance of physical and human capitals in growth ; innovations and development; Productivity, its growth and source of changes therofo . Factors determining savings to income ratio and the capital- out put ratio.
(ii) Main features of growth – Changes in Sectoral compositions of income; Changes in occupational ; changes in income distribution; Changes in consumption levels and patterns; changes in saving and investment and in pattern of investment . Case for and against industrialization . Significance of agriculture in developing countries.
(iii) Relation between state , planning and growth , Changing roles of market and plans in grnwth economic policy and growth .
(iv) Rnle nf foreign capital and technology in growth . The significance of multi – nationals.
(v) Welfare indicators and measures of growth- Human development indices- The basic needs approach.
(vi) Concept of sustainable development , convergence of levels of living of developed and developing countries ; meaning of self-reliance in growth and development.
PAPER-II
I.Evolution of the Indian Economy till independence . The Colonial Heritage- Land & System & Agriculture , Taxes, Money and credit, Trade, Exchange Rate , the “Drain of Wealth controversy” of late 19th Century. Randade’s critique of Laissez- Faire; Swadeshi movement ; Gandhi and Hind Swaraj.
II.Indian Economics in Post – Independent Era- Contributions of Vakil, Gadgil and Rao. National and percapita Income; Patterns , Trends, Aggrigate and sectoral – composition and change therein , Broad factors determining National Income and its distribution; Measures of poverty. Trends in below poverty- line proportion.
III.Employment- Factors determining employment in short and long periods . Role of capital , wage-good, wage- rate and technology. Measures of unemployment . Relation between income, poverty and employment and issues of distribution and social justice.
(IV)Agriculture- Institutional set-up of land system size of agriculture holdings and efficiency- Green Revolution and technological changes-Agricultural prices and terms of trade-Role of public distribution and farim-subsidies on agricultural prices and production. Employment and poverty in agriculture- Rural wages-employment schemes-growth experience-land reforms. Regional disparities in agricultural growuh . Role of Agriculture in export.
(V)Industry- Industrial system of India – Trends in Composition and growth . Role of Public and private sectors. Role of small and cottage industries . Indian Industrial Strategy- Capital versus consumer goods. wage- good versus luxuries ,capital- intensive versus labour- intensive techniques , import –substituting versus dyport promotion. Sibkners and hhgh-bost Indtstrhal polibies and their effects. Recent moves for liberalization and their effects on Indian industry.
(VI) Money and banking- The monetary institutions of India- Factors determining demand for and supply of money. Sources of Reserve money- money multiplier- Techniques of money supply regulation under open economy. Functioning of money market in India. Budget deficit and money supply. Issues in Reform of Monetary and Banking Systems.
(VII) Index number of price levels- Course of Price level in post-Independence period –sources and causes of inflation-role of monetary and supply factors in price level determination – policies towards control of inflatinn . Effdcts of Hnfl`tion under npen economy.
(VIII) Trade , balance of payments and exchange- Foreign trade of India; composition and direction shifts in trade policy from import substitution to export promotion . Impact of liberalization on pattern of trade . Indian’s external Borrowings-the Debt problem. Exchange rate of the rupee; Devaluation’s depreciations and their effects on balance of payments – Gold import and Gold policy – convertibility on current and capital accounts-rupee in an open economy. Integration of India economy. Integration of Indian economy with world economy- India and the WTO.
(IX). Public Finance and Fiscal Policy- Characteristics of and trends in India’s Public Finance – Role of Taxes. (direct and indirect ) and subsidies- Fiscal and monetary deficits-public expenditures and their significance- Public Finance and Inflation-Limiting Government’s debt – Recent fiscal policies and their effects.

(IIX). Economic Planning in India- Trends in Savings and investment- Trends is Savings to Income and capital – output ratios- Productivity , its sources, growth and trends- growth versus distribution- Transition from Central Planning to indicative planning – relation between Market and Plan-strategies for Growth, social justice and Plans. Planning and increasing the growth rate.

COMMERCE & ACCOUNTANCY

2008-12-03T23:58:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I
ACCOUNTING & FINANCE
Part- I Accounting , Taxation & Auditing
Financial Accounting- Accounting as a financial information system; Impact of behavioural sciences.
Accounting Standards e.g , accounting for depreciation, inventories, gratuity, research and development costs , long term construction contracts , revenue recognition , fixed assets, contingencies, foreign exchange transactions, investments and governmdnt frants.
Advanced problems of company accounts. Amalgamation absorption and reconstruction of companies.
Valuation of shares and goodwill.
Cost Accounting- Nature and functions of cost accounting.
Job Costing
Process Costing
Marginal Costing; Techniques of segregating semi-variable costs into fixed and variable costs.
Cost volume-profit relationship ; aid to decision making including pricing decision , shutdown etc. Techniques of cost control and cost reduction.
Budgetary control, flexible budgets.
Standard costing and variance analysis.
Responsibility accounting , investment , profit and Cost cenres.
Taxation
Definitions
Basis of charge.
Incomes which do not form part of total income.
Simple problem of computation of income under various heads, i.e. , salaries ,income from house property, profit and gains from business or profession , capital gains, income of other persons included in assessee’s total income.
Aggregation of income and set off/carry forward of loss.
Deductions to be made in computing total inbnme.
Auditing
Audit of cash transactions, expenses,incomes,purchases,sales
Valuation and verification of assets with special reference to fixed assets, stock and debts.
Verification of liabilities.
Audit of limited companies; appointment, removal, powers, duties and liabilities of company auditor, significance of ‘true and fare’ MAOCARO report.
Auditor’s report and qualifications therein . Special points in the audit of different organizations like club , hospital , colleges, charitable societies.
PART- II : BUSINESS FINANCE AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Finance Function- Nature, scope and Objectives of Financial Management – Risk and Return relationship.
Financial Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool.
Management of Working Capital and its Components- Forecasting working capital needs, inventory , debtors, cash and credit management.
Investment Decisions- Nature and Scope of Capital Budgeting- Various types of decisions Make or Buy and Lease of Buy-Techniques of Appraisal and their application.
Consideration of Risk and Uncertainty- Analysis of Non,financial Aspects.
Rate of Return on Investment- Required Rate of Return-its measurement- Cost of Capital Weighted Average Cost- Different Weights.
Concepts of Valuation – Valuation of firm’s Fixed Income Securities and Common Stocks.
Dividend and Retention Policy- Residual.
Theory or Dividend Policy- Other Models- Actual Practices.
Capital Structure- Leverages- Significance of Leverages- Theories of Capital Structure with special reference to Modigliani and Miller approach. Planning the Capital Structure of a Company; EBIT- EPS Analysis , Cash-flow ability to service debt , Capital Structure Ratios, other methods.
Raising finance-short term and long term. Bank finance-norms and conditions.
Financial Distress- Approaching BIFR under Sick Industrial Under- takings Act : Concept of Sickness, Potential Sickness, Cash Loss , Erosion of Networth.
Money Markets- the purpose of Money Markets, Money Market in India – Organization and working of Capital markets in India- Organizathon, Structure and Role of Financial Institutions in Indha. Banks and Investing Institutions- National and International Financial Institutions-their norms and type of financial assistance provided – inter-bank lending –its regulation, supervision and control . System of Consortium- Supervision and regulation of banks.
Monetary and Credit policy of Reserve Bank of India.
PAPER- II
ORGANISATION THEORY AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
PART-I : ORGANISATION THEORY
Nature and concept of Organization – organization goals; Primary and secondary goals, Single and multiple goals, ends means chain- Displacement , succession , expansion and multiplication of goals –Formal organization; Type , Structure- Line and Staff, functional matrix, and project- Informal organization – functions and limitations.
Evolution of organization theory- Classical ,Neo- classical and system approach – Bureaucracy; Nature and basic of power ,sources of power , power structure and politics- Organization behaviour as a dynamic system : technical , social and power systems- interrelations and interactions- Perception- Status system. Theoretical and empirical foundation of theories and Models of motivation . Morale and productivity- Leadership : Theories and styles – Managements of conflicts in organization – Transactional Analysis – Significance of culture of organization . Limits of rationality- Organizational change , adaptation, growth and development, Professional management Vs. family management , Organizational control and effectiveness.
PART- II INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Nature and scope of industrial relations ,the socio- economic set-up , need for positive approach.
Industrial labour in India and its commitment –stages of commitments . Migratory nature –merits and shortcomings.
Theories of Unionism.
Trade Union movement in India- origin, growth and structure ; Attitude and approach of management of India- recognition . Problems before Indian Trade Union movement . Industrial disputes- sources; strikes and lockouts .
Compulsory adjudication and collecthve barf`inhng- `pprnachds.
Worker’s participation in management – philosophy , rationale; present day state of affairs and future prospects.
Prevention and settlement of industrial disputes in India.
Industrial relations in public Enterprises.
Absenteeism and labour turnover in India Industries- causes.
Relative wages and wage differentials ; wage policy.
Wage policy in India; the Bonus issue.
I.L.O. and India;
Role of Personnel Department in the Organisation.

Smoking Ban Across Indian Comes Into Force

2008-11-14T05:26:00.001-08:00

The notification issued on May 30, 2008 by the Union Health Minister, Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss , for the ban under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act, 2003 came into force on Gandhi Jayanti i.e. October 2, 2008. Smoking is banned at public place all over the country. Any violation of the ban is a punishable offence with a fine up to Rs. 200.
Union Health Minister Dr. Ramadoss welcomed the Supreme Court order declining to stay the Centre’s notification prohibiting smoking . The Supreme Court , on September 29, 2008. had refused to stay ban on smoking in public places. A Bench consisting of Justice B. Agrawal and Justice G.S. Singhvi rejected the contention that enforcement of the notification would result in inspector raj and needless harassment , thus paving the way for implementation of the Centre’s notification dated May 30, 2008.
Dr Ramadoss described the ban as a major step towards providing a smoke-free atmosphere and protecting non- smokers from passive smoking . He said he had personally written to Governors. Chief Ministers , Health Ministers and Members of Parliament to ensure effective implementation of the ban. According to him , Delhi , Jharkhand and Chandigarh are some States which have already begun implementing the ban. In case of Maharashtra and Bihar which expressed their inability to impose it, he said all effortr , hncltdinf litigation , wnuld be lade to presrurise the States to implement the prohibition . Massive publicity and awareness campaigns would also be launched .
Smoking will be prohibited at all places to which the public has access, including auditoriums, health institutions, government buildings , stadiums, workplace , shopping malls , restaurants, etc. However in case of large hotels and restaurants having more than 30 rooms or 30 seats , and airports, a provision for a separate smoking area is made . Further , the States might create a separate head of account in which the fine could be deposited . The department could use the money for tobacco control activities.

Cabinet Approves Judges Inquiry (Amendment ) Bill

2008-11-14T05:21:00.001-08:00

The Union Cabinet approved the Judges Inquiry (Amendment) Bill, 2008, on October 8, 2008. The new Bill makes Supreme Court and High court Judges accountable for their acts, including corruption and incapacity . With the introduction of this bill, the Judges Inquiry Bill, 2006 would be withdrawn.
The Bill provides for establishing a National Judicial Council (NJC) to investigate and inquire into allegations of misbehavior or incapacity on the part of a judge of the Supreme Court or of a High court as well as regulate the procedure for investigation and inquiry. Thus , the provisions of the new Bill would bring about transparency in the functioning of the judiciary by making judges more accountable and would also enhance its prestige.
Any person can complain to the NJC against judges of the Supreme Court (except the CJI), and the Chief Justices and judges of the High Courts . If the complaint is against a Supreme court Judge, the NJC will consist of the CJI and four seniormost judges of the apex court . If it is against the CJI , the CJI will not take part in the proceedings and the President shall nominate the next seniormost judge.In the new Bill, there is a provision for preliminary scrutiny and verification by the NJC . if a judge is proved guilty, the NJC can recommend his or her removal through impeachment by the parliament. However, where the proved misbehavior does not warrant removal , the NJc can impose minor measures such as issuing advisory , requesting retirement, stoppage of assignment of judicial work for a limited time, and warning censure or admonition (public or private). The NJC cannot impose or recommend any minor measure in the case of a reference by the Speaker of the Lock Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha on a motion for removal.

RIL Begins Production Of Crude Oil In Krishna Godavari Basin

2008-11-14T05:16:00.000-08:00

In a significant development India’s industrial giant Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) , the country’s biggest private sector company on the basis of turnover, started production of crude oil at KG- D 6 block of the Krishna Godavari basin on September 17,2008 . According to RIL Chairman Mr. Mukesh Ambani , the field would initially produce about 5,000 barrels of crude per day.
Reliance is the biggest exploration acreage holder in the private sector in India. RIL’s exploration and production assets comprise 54 blocks across eight countries. The Company , which boasts of a success ratio of over 60 percent , has so far 42 discoveries to its name . The KG-D6 venture is a first –of its – kind hydrocarbon production from any deep water field in India. The venture is slated to account for 40 percent of India’s current indigenous hydrocarbons production in a matter of one and a half years. According to company estimates, the production from the KG_D6 facility will help the country save a yearly foreign exchange outflow of $20 billion.
The KG-D 6 block (KG-DWN-98/3) was awarded to RIL under the National Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP)- I. In the venture , RIL holds 90 percent participation interest while Niko Resources Limited holds 10 percent. The block is located in the Bay of Bengal, 50 km off the Kakinada coast (Andhra Pradesh), at a depth of 8,000 feet. The company has commenced production within just over two years from the time of oil discovery , making KG-D6 one of the faster Greenfield deep water oil development projects in the world.
India’s current hydrocarbon oil and gas production is 1.3 million barrels of oil equivalent per day (boepd). An initial flow of 5,000 barrels per day is expected to go up to 5,50,000 barrels of oil equivalent over the next six to eight quarters. 5,50,000 barrels per day of hydrocarbons can pump cooking gas to 100-200 million households. 2,000 engineers, technical and management personnel worked on the project.
The vessel employed in the project , Dhirubhai-1 is the first vessel of its kind in Indian waters and has the ability to operate in water depths of greater than 1,200 metres. The vessel boasts of a number of features which can help it withstand harsh sea conditions.
What makes RIL’s feat more special is the fact that production was achieved despite challenges such as harsh environment , lack of data, low seabed, severe temperature , supply-related problems and shortage of competent technicians. The company sources made it clear that the refinery would begin production in the next few months and gas production would commence from early 2009.

Tata’s Nano Moves From Singur To Sanand

2008-11-14T05:12:00.001-08:00

Tata Group and the Gujarat Government on October 7, 2008 signed an agreement for production of Nano in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The State Principal Secretary, Industries, Mr. Gauri Kumar, and Tata Group Managing Director Mr. Ravi Kant signed the documents in the presence of Mr. Ratan Tata and Chief Minister Mr. Narendra Modi . The agreement ended the speculation on the relocation of the project that had been marred by controversy since work began two years ago in Singur, West Bengal.
Tata has been allocated 1,100 acres at Chharodi and Charal villages in Sanand , just 25km. from Ahmedabad . The land was part of about 2,200 acres owned by the Gujarat Agricultural University for running a cattle from and experimental crop cultivation and cattle breeding . The land has been allocated to Tata Motors for the Nano small car project “at the prevailing market price” in the area.
The plant, to be set up at Sanand , will initially have an annual capacity of 2.50 lakh units , which will be expanded to 5 lakh units per year. Tata Group will invest Rs. 2,000 crore in the first phase of the project and the car is slated to roll out from the first quarter of 2009.
Mr. Modi and Mr. Tata described the agreement as “historic” and hoped that after the “unfortunate turmoil” the project underwent is Singur, it would now have a “smooth sailing”.
Earlier, Tata Motors announced its decision on October 3, 2008 to pull out of Singur in West Bengal. The decision was taken in the interests of the Nano small car project’s success and viability and in the light of the Opposition’s continued and heightened agitation .
The much-anticipated curtain to the project came after the Tata Group Chairman Mr. Ratan Tata met West Bengal’s Chief Minister, Mr. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, who failed to convince the Trinamool Congress leader Ms. Mamata Banerjee to withdraw the farmers’ agitation on acquisition of land . The Chairman of the Tata Group ,Mr. Ratan Tata ,Said “we have taken the very regretful decision to move the Nano project out of West Bengal; we are left with no option”.
The Tata Group Chairman blamed Ms. Mamata for pushing him to take the pullout decision, two years after his tryst with the Nano Car factory in West Bengal began.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

2008-11-14T00:28:00.000-08:00

PAPER- I
PART A :

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Engineering mechanics- Unit and Dimensions, SI Units , Vectors, concept of Force, Concept of particle and rigid body . Concurrent , Non Concurrent and parallel forces in a plane, moment of force and Varignon’s theorem, free body diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of virtual work, equivalent force system.
First and Second Moment o tares, Mass moment of Inertia.
Static Friction , Inclined Plane and bearings , Kinematics and Kinetics :
Kinematics in Cartesian and polar Co- ordinates, motion under uniform and nonuniform acceleration , motion under gravity . Kinetics of particle; Momentum and Energy principles , D’ Alembert’s Principle , Collision of elastic bodies , rotation of rigid bodies , simple harmonic motion, Flywheel.
Strength of materials- Simple stress and Strain, Elastic constants , axially loaded compression members, Shear force and bending moment , theory of simple bending , Shear Stress distribution across cross sections, Beams of uniform strength, Leaf spring . Strain Energy in direct stress, bending & shear.
Deflection of beams : Mecaulay’s method’s Moment area method, Conjugate beam method , unit load method . Torsion of Shafts, Transmission of power ,close coiled helical springs, Elastic stability of columns, Euler’s Rankine’s and Secant formulae. Principle Stresses and Strains in two dimensions , Mohr’s Circle, Theories of Elastic Failure, Thin and Thick cylinder : Stresses due to internal and external pressure Lames’ equations..
Structural analysis- Castiglianio’s theorems I and II, unit load . method of consistent deformation applied to beams and pin jointed trusses. Slope-deflection , moment distribution , kani’s method of analysis and column Analogy method applied to indeterminate beams and rigid frames.
Rolling loads and Influences lines : Influences lines for Shear Force and Bending moment at a section of beam. Criteria for maximum shear force and bending Moment in beam traversed by a system of moving loads. Influences lines for simple supported plane pin jointed trusses.
Arches : Three hinged, two hinged and fixed arches, rib shortening and temperature effects , influence lines in arches.
Matrix method of analysis- Force method and displacement method of analysis of indeterminate beams and rigid frames.
Plastic Analysis of beams and frames : Theory of plastic bending, plastic analysis, statical method, Mechanism method.
Unsymmetrical bending : Moment of inertia , product of inertia, position of Neutral Axis and Principle axes, calculation of bending stresses.
PART- B : DESIGN OF STRUCTURES : STEEL, CONCRETE AND MASONRY STRUCTURES.
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN :
Structural Steel – Factors of safety and load factors. Rivetted , bolted and welded joints and connections . Design of tension and compression member, beams of built up section, rivetted and welded plate girders, gantry girders, stancheons with battens and lacings , slab and gussetted column bases.
Design of highway and railway bridges : Through and deck type plate girder, Warren girder, Pratt truss.

Design of concrete and masonry structures- Concept of mix design. Reinforced Concrete : Working Stress and Limit State method of design- Recommendations of I.S. codes Design of one way and two way slabs , stair- case slabs. Simple and continuous beams of rectangular, T and L sections. Compression members under direct load with or without eccentricity, Isolated and combined footings. Cantilever and Counterfort type retaining walls.
Water-tanks : Design requirements for Rectangular and circular tanks resting on ground.
Prestressed concrete : Methods and systems of prestressing, anchorages, Analysis and design of sections for flexure based on working stress, loss of prestress.
Design of brick masonry as per I.S. Codes design of masonry retaining walls.

PART-C : FLUID MECHANICS, OPEN CHANNEL , FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES
Fluid Mechanics – Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces acting on plane and curve surfaces.
Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow : Velocity and accelerations , stream lines, equation of continuity, irrotational and rotational flow, velocity potential and stream functions, flownet , methods of drawing flownet ,sources and sinjs , flov separation, frde and fnrced vorticds.
Bontrol volume equation, continuity , momentum, energy and moment of momentum equation from control volume equation , Navier-Stokes equation , Euler’s equation of motion, application to fluid flow problems, pipe flow , plane, curved , stationary and moving vanes, sluice gates, weirs, orifice meters and Venturi meters.
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude- Buckingham’s Pi-theorem, dimensionless parameters , similitude theory, model laws, undistorted and distorted models.
Laminar Flow- Laminar flow between parallel, stationary and moving plates, flow through tube.
Boundary layer- Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sublayer, smooth and rough boundaries , drag and lift.
Torbulent flow through pipes : Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and variation of pipe friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line, siphons , expansion and contractions in pipes, pipe network , water hammer in pipes and surge tanks.
Open channel flow- Tnifnrm and non-Tnifnrm flowr, mnmentum `nd energy correction factors, specific energy and specific force, critical depth, resistance equations and variation of roughness coefficient , rapidly varied flow , flow in contractions, flow at sudden drop, hydraulic jump and its applications surges and waves , gradually varied flow, classification of surface profiles , control section, step method of integration of varied flow equation , moving surges and hydraulic bore.
Hydraulic Machines and Hydropower-
Centrifugal pumps- Types, characteristics, Net Positive Suction Height (NPSH) , specifhc rpeed, Ptlps hn parallel.
Reciprocating pumps , Airvessels., Hydraulic ram, efficiency parameters, Rotary and positive displacement pumps, diaphragm and jet pumps.
Hydraulic turbines , types classification, Choice of turbines , performance parameters, controls, characteristics, specific speed.
Principles of hydropower development. Type, layouts and Component works. Surge tanks, types and choice . Flow duration curves and dependable flow. Storage an pondage. Pumped plants. Special features of mini, micro- hydel plants.
PART-D : GEO- TECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Types of soil, phase relationships , consistency limits particles size distribution , classifications of soil, structures and clay mineralogy .
Capillary water and structural water , effectives trees and pore water pressure , Darcy’s Law factors affecting permeability , determination of permeability , permeability of stratified soil deposits.
Seepage pressure , quick sand condition , compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghi’s theory of one dimensional consnlid`tion ,cnnsolhdathon test.
Cnlpabtion of roil, fhdld bontrol of compaction . Total stress and effective stress parameters, pore pressure coefficients.
Shear strength of soil , Mohr Coulomb failure theory , Shear tests.
Earth pressure at rest , active and passive pressures, Rankine’s theory, Coulomb’s wedge theory , earth pressure on retaining wall, sheetpile walls , Braced excavation.
Bearing capacity, Terzaghi and other hmportant , net `nd frosr be`rinf prdssure.
Immediate and consolidation settlement.
Stability of slope . Total Stress and Effective Stress methods, Conventional methods of slices , stability number.
Subsurface exploration , methods of boring , sampling, penetration tests, pressure meter tests.
Essential features of foundation, types of foundation , design criteria, choice of type of foundation, stress distribution in soils, Boussinessq’s theory, Newmarks’s chart , pressure bulb, contact pressure , applicability of different bearing capacity theories , evaluation of bearing capacity frol fhdld testr allow`ble bearhng bap`bitx . Rdttldment an`lyrhs , allowable settlement.
Proportioning of footing , isolated and combined footings , rafts, buoyancy rafts , pile foundation , type of piles, pile capacity , static and dynamic analysis , design of pile groups , pile load test, settlement of piles, lateral capacity . Foundation for Bridges. Ground Improvement techniques preloading, sand drains , stone column, grouting ,soil stabilization.
PAPER- II
PART-A : CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY , EQUIPMENT , PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Construction Technology :
Engineering Materials- Physical properties nf construction materials : Stones, Bricks and Tiles ; Lime, Cement and Surkhi Mortars : Lime Concrete and Cement Concrete ,Properties of freshly mixed and hardened concrete, Flooring Tiles , use of ferso- cement- reinforced and polymer concrete. High strength concrete and light weight concrete. Timber : Properties and uses; defects in timber-seasoning and preservation of timber. Plastics, rubber and damp-proofing materials, termite proofing Materials, for Low cost housing.
1.Costruction- Building components and their functions;
Brick masonry : Bonds, jointing . Stone masonry . Design of Brick masonry walls as per I.S codes , factors of safety , serviceability and strength requirements; plastering , pointing . Types of Floors & Roofs. Ventilators, Repairs in buildings.
Functional planning of building : Building orientation, circulation, grouping of areas, privaby concept and design of energy efficient building ; provisions of National Building code. Building code . Building estimates and specifications; Cost of works; valuation.
2.Construction Equipment- Standard and special types of equipment , Preventive maintenance and repair , factors affecting the selection of equipment , economical life , time and motion study , capital and maintenance cost.
Concreting equipments- Weight batcher, mixer, vibration, batching plant, Concrete pump.
Earth- work equipment- Power shovel hoe, bulldozer ,dumper, trailors, and tractors, rollers, sheep foot roller.
3. Construction Planning and Management- Construction activity, schedules, job layout , bar charts. Organization of contracting firms, project control and supervision . Cost reduction measures.
Network analysis- CPM and PERT analysis , Float Times, cashing of activities , contraction of network for cost optimization , updating , Cost analysis and resource allocation.
Elements of Engineering Economics , methods of appraisal , present worth, annual cost, benefit- cost , incremental analysis , Economy of scale and size. Choosing between alternatives including levels of investments. Project profitability.
PART-B : SURVEY AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Survey- Common methods of distance and angle measurements , plane table survey, leveling traverse survey, triangulation survey, corrections, and adjustments , contouring , topographical map. Surveying instruments for above purposes . Technometry , Circular and transition curves. Principles of photogrammetry.
Railways- Permanent way, sleepers r`hl f`stdninfr , ball`st , pnhntr and crnrsinfs , derhgn nf ttrn outs , stations and yards , turntables, signals, and interlocking ,level- crossing. Construction and maintenance of permanent ways : Superelevation , creep of rail , ruling gradient , track resistance, tractive effort, relaying of track.
Highway Engineering- Principles of highway planning ,Highway alignments. Geometrical design : Cross section , camber, superelevation, horizontal and vertical curves. classification of roads : low cost roads , flexible pavements rigid pavements . Design of pavements and their construction , evaluation of pavement failure and strengthening .
Drainage of roads : Surface and sub – surface drainage.
Traffic Engineering- Forecasting techniques, origin and destination survey, , highway capacity. Channelised and unchannelisd intersections, rotary design elements markings, sign , signals, sureet lighting ; Traffic surveys . Principle of highway financing .
PART- C : HYDROLOGY , WATER RESOURCES AND ENGINEERING
Hydrology- Hydrological cycle, precipitation, evaporation , transpiration , depression storage, infiltration, overland flow, hydrograph, flood frequency analysis , flood estimation , flood routing through a reservoir, channel flow routing- Muskingam method .
Ground water flow- Specific yield, storage coefficient, coefficient of permeability , confined and unconfined equifers , aquifers , aquitards , radial flow into a well under confined and unconfined conditions , tube wells , pumping and recuperation tests ,ground water potential.
Water Resources Engineering – Ground and surface water resource, single and multipurpose projects, storage capacity of reservoirs , reservoir losses, reservoir sedimentation , economics of water resources projects.
Irrigation Engineering- Water requirements of crops: consumptive use, quality of water for irrigation , duty and delta, irrigation methods and their efficiencies.
Canals- Distribution system for canal irrigation , canal capacity ,canal losses, alignment of main and dhrtrhbutnry b`nalr mnrt dffibhent sebtion, lhned ban`ls , their design, regime theory, critical shear ,bed load , local and suspended load transport , cost analysis of lined and unlied canals drainage behind lining.
Water logging- Causes and control , drainage system design, salinity.
Canal structures- Design of cross regulators , head regulators , canal falls, aqueducts , metering flumes and canal outlets.
Diversion head work : Principles and design of weirs of permeable and impermeable foundation , Khosla’s theory, energy dissipation , stilling basin, sediment excluders.
Storage works- Type of dams, design, principles of rigid gravity and earth dams, stability analysis , foundation treatment , joints and galleries, control of seepage.
Spillways- Spillway types, crest gates, energy dissipation.
River training- Objectives of river training ,methods of river training.
PART- D : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Water Supply- Estimation of surface and sub- surface water resources, predicting demand for water , impurities nf water and their significance, physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis waterborne diseases, standards for potable water.
Intake of water- Pumping and gravity schemes. Water treatment : principle of coagulation ,flocculation and sedimentation ; slow; rapid-, pressure , filters; chlorination, softening , removal of taste , odour and salinity.
Water storage and distribution- Storage and balancing reservoirs : types , location and capacity . Distribution system : layout , hydraulics of pipe lines, pipes fittings , values including check and pressure reducing values, meters, analysis of distribution system, leak detection , maintenance of distribution systems, pumping stations and their operations.
Sewerage systems- Domestic and industrial wastes, storm sew age-separate and combined systems , flow through sewers, design of sewers, sewer appurtenances , manholes, inlets, junctions , siphon, Plumbing in public buildings.
Sewage characterization – BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and TOC, Standards of disposal in normal water course and on land.
Sewage treatment- Working principles , units , chambers, sedimentation tanks, trickling fillers, oxidation ponds, activated sludge process, septic tank, disposal of sludge, recyling of waste water.
Solid waste- Collection and disposal in rural and urban contexts. Management of long-term ill-effects.Environmental pollution- Sustainable development. Radioactive wastes and disposal . Environmental impact assessment for thermal power plants, mines, river valley projects. Air pollution. Pollution control acts.

BANK OF MAHARASHTRA PROBATIONARY OFFICERS EXAM., 2008

2008-11-13T23:26:00.000-08:00

General Awareness

1. The Govt. of India has taken a decision to open three more IITs during the year 2008-09. These IIts will be in which of the following groups of States?

(A) Bihar, Rajasthan , Andhra Pradesh

(B) Karnataka Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka

(C) Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala

(D) Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar

(E) None of these

2. Which of the followinf is / are nnt the hhghlhghtr of the Uninn Btdget 2008-08 ?

1. @ Risk Capital Fund is to be set up and maintained by one of the financial institutes.

2. Allocation for Defence is reduced by 10% to make it Rs. 10,000 crore.

3.Several new schemes to be introduced for providing social security to the people in unorganized sectors.

(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2

(C) Only 3
(D) Both 1 and 2

(E) All 1,2 and 3

3. To help farming community the Govt. of India has decided to raise the Minimum support price of paddy for current Kharif marketing season. What is that price?

(A) Rs . 800 per quintal

(B) Rs. 900 per quintal

(C) Rs. 950 per quintal

(D) Rs. 1200 per quintal

(E) None of these

4. Which of the following is the correct definition of the term commercial papers ?

1. It is nothing but the popular name of the Judicial stamp papers used to register financial transactions.

2. It is one of the instruments through which Corporates raise debt from the market.

3. It is the name of the ‘Certificate of Deposits’ provided by the Banks to its retail customers.

(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2

(C) Only 3
(D) Both 1 and 2

(E) All 1,2 and 3

5. As per the decision taken by the Govt. of India two financial inclusion funds are set up with an overall corpus of Rs. 500 crore each. These funds- Financial Inclusion Technology Fund are to be set up by the initial contribution made by the….

(A) SIDBI, NABARD and UTI

(B) NABARD , UTI and RBI

(C) Govt. of India, NABARD and RBI

(D) SIDBI , Govt. of India and IDBI Bank

(E) None of these

6. As per the Railway Budget 2008-09 the Operating ratio of Railways is pitched at which of the following levels? Approximately…

(A) 70 %
(B) 75 %

(C) 98 %
(D) 90 %

(E) 81 %

7. As per the Govt. Policy the provision of the subsidy for interest subvention to co-operative Sugar Mills is done by which of the following agencies / organizations ?

(A) Commission for Agricultural costs and prices

(B) National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Deveopment

(C) Ministry of Agriculture

(D) National Commission on Farmers

(E) None of these

8. Bankr thdse days havd latnchdd a new scheme prodtct known as a Reverse Mortgage The scheme is designed keeping which of the following groups of society in consideration ?
(A) Youngsters who have just started earning

(B) Defence personnel whose life is always at high risk

(C) Senior Citizen

(D) Women who do not have independent source of income

(E) None of these

9. As per the new figures released in recent past what has been the ratio of taxes to Gross Domestic Product (Tax- GDP) in 2007-08 ?

(A) 8 %
(B) 9 %

(C) 10 %
(D) 11.5 %

(E) 12.5 %

10. Many a times we read in the newspapers a term ‘Hot Money’ Which of the following is the correct definition of Hot Money?

1. This is the fund which is dumped into a country to get the advantage of a favourable interest rate and hence brings higher returns.

2. This is the fund which is provided by a bank in US $ at very short notice and at a very high rate of interest and for a longer period of repayment.

3. This is the fund which is pushed into market through Hawala or some other such illegal methods and sometimes referred also as Black Money.

(A) Only 1 is correct

(B) Both 1 and 2 are correct

(C) Only 3 is correct

(D) Both 1 and 3 are true

(E) Only 2 is correct

11. As per the report released in the press the Govt. of India has done a study on Special Economics Zones. Which of the following is / are the highlights of the reports?

1. Report says that SEZs should not be given much preference by the policy makers.

2. Study says that the end benefit in the next few years may be of the true of Rs. 1,50,000 crores which will be much higher than the estimated revenue losses.
3. Since new SEZs are developed by the Private Sector the investment for infrastructural development is like a net saving for the Govt.

(A) Only 1

(B) Only 2

(C) Both 1 and 2

(D) Only 3

(E) All 1,2 and 3

12. As per the new figures released by the Govt. agencies the Foreign Direct Investment inflow to India is at higher level and has increased substantially in recent past.

Which of the following is/ are the contributory factors which has/ have helped in this record growth?

1. Progressive delicensing of various sectors.

2. Simplification of business procedures in India.

3. Sub Prime crisis in USA.

(F) Only 1

(G) Only 2

(H) Both 1 and 2

(I) Only 3

(J) All 1,2 and 3

13. Which of the following Companies has got “Navratna Status’ recently?

(A) National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC)

(B) National Textile Corporation (NTC)

(C) Maruti Udyog Ltd

(D) IDBI Bank Ltd

(E) None of these

14. The real return to the investor sometimes gets reduced due to sudden rise in the prices of the commodities. This phenomenon in financial market is know as….

(A) Market rick

(B) Inflation rick

(C) Credit rick

(D) Diversification of funds

(E) None of these

15. In the recent times the RBI and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) have taken various steps to control the flow of capital in Indian economy. Which of the following is/ are not included in these step(s)?

1. Guidelines are issued to restrict unregulated overseas investors through ‘P- notes’.

2. Rs. 60,000 crores out of this fund is being provided to waive the loans on farmers.

3. Borrowers raising external commercial borrowings of over $ 20 million would have to park the proceeds overseas for use as foreign currency expenditure.

(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2

(C) Only 3
(D) Both 1 and 3

(E) All 1,2 and 3

16. Which of the following countries has recently made an agreement with the World Trade Organization which will allow it to join the same as a permanent member?

(A) Russia
(B) Afghanistan

(C) Zambia
(D) Uganda

(E) Ukraine

17. Prime Minister of India on his visit to China a few months back signed a detailed agreement with the same. What is/are the major highlights of the agreement?

1. Both the countries agreed to continue high level exchange of views. Indian President is invited to China.

2. India to host joint military exercise in 2008.

3. India has decided to raise the issue of Tibet in UNO. China has agreed for the same.

(A)Only 1

(B)Only 2

(C)Both 1 and 2

(D) Only 3

(E) All 1,2 and 3

18. As per the reports in the leading newspapers Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has asked the Mutual Fund industry to stop ‘Misselling’ their schemes to investors. What is ‘Misselling’ of products /

1. Misselling takes place when mutual funds are sold without telling the likely returns.

2. When agents sell the products without telling investors what are the risks involved in investing in mutual funds.

3. When agents invest somebody’s money in mutual funds without their knowledge it is called misselling..

(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2

(C) Only 3
(D) All 1,2 and 3

(E) None of these

19. As per the news report SEBI has allowed short selling by Fls/MFs from February 1, 2008. What is ‘short selling?

1. Selling of shares that the seller does not own at the time of trading.

2. Selling of shares on the same day or on the day they were allotted to the trader.

3. Selling of shares on a much lower price due to turbulent market situations.

(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2

(C) Only 3
(D) All 1,2 and 3

(E) None of these

20.Which of the following countries is governed by theNorweigian-mediated ceasefire Agreement to end its dispute with a group of rebellions?

(A) Nepal

(B) Myanmar

(C) Afghanistan

(D) Sri Lanka

(E) None of these

21. The USA, as reported in the leading newspapers is proceeding towards’ recession’ What happens when an economy goes in the grip of ‘recession’?

1. GDP growth slows down.

2. People lose their jobs.

3. Foreign exchange reserve goes up substantially as lot of loans/ grants start pouring in.

(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2

(C) Only 3
(D) Only 1 and 2

(E) None of these

22. The Sensitive Index of the Bombay Stock Exchange keeps on changing positively and negatively both. Which of the following is/are the main reasons which contribute for this sudden change in the same?

1. Higher GDP Growth.

2. Continuous Foreign Funds Flow.

3. High Volume of Forex Reserves.

4. Recession in USA.

(A)Only 1 and 2

(B)Only 2 and 3

(C)Only 3 and 4

(D)Only 2

(E)All 1,2,3 and 4

23. The Jerusalem and Palestine made an agreement on their peace negotiations . Which of the following is/ are the points included in the agreement?

1. There should be an end to the occupation that began in 1967.

2. The agreement must establish Palestine as a homeland for the Palestinian people just as Israel is the homeland for Jewish people.

3. All the disputes should be solved with the mutual talks only and in presence of US Observers.

(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2

(C) Only 3
(D) Both 1 and 2

(E) None of these

24. Who amongst the following agreed to supply aircraft carrier Gorshkov to India for its defence services?

(A) Russia
(B) France

(C) Germany
(D) Italy

(E) None of these

25. The Govt. of India has decided to set up a Committee to redraft Right to Education Bill 2005. What was/ were the objection(s) owing to which Govt. has to redraft the bill?

1. State Governments are required to spend more money on education. Since education is the responsibility of centre and state both expenditure should be shared equally by both of them.

2. States were advised to ensure that a school is available at the distance of one km for each child.

3. Children in Central schools are not allowed to get free education whereas schools run by States were asked to ensure that.

(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2

(C) Only 3
(D) Both 1 and 2

(E) All 1,2 and 3

26. As per newspaper report out-sourcing has become a profitable business in India and countries like China are trying to learn about it from India. What are the main factors

Which has/ have helped India in attaining this position?

1. Availability of skilled manpower in abundance.

2. Knowledge of English language.

3. A switch over from farming to other sectors which are creating more job opportunities.

(A)Only 1

(B)Only 2

(C)Both 1 and 2

(D) Only 3

(E) All 1,2 and 3

27. Who amongst the following established the ‘Anandvan’ a rehabilitation centre for Leprosy patients in Maharashra?

(A) Baba Amte

(B) Pandurang Shashtri Athawle

(C) Medha Patkar

(D) Asaram Babu

(E) None of these

28. Thaksin Shinawatra’s name is associated with which of the following countries?

(A) Singapore

(B) Thailand

(C) North Korea

(D) South Korea

(E) None of these

29. Bhupen Hazarika is the recipient of the Life Time Achievement Award and is provided the status of a Cabinet Minister. Which of the following State Govt. has honoured him in this manner?

(A) Orissa

(B) Assam

(C) West Bengal

(D) Maharashtra

(E) None of these

30. The first ever Youth Olympic Games are scheduled to be held in 2010. These games will be organized in….

(A) Moscow

(B) New Delhi

(C) Kuala Lumpur

(D) None of these

31. Who amongst the following has taken over as the President of Serbia?

(A) Raul Castro

(B) Steven Spielberg

(C) Boris Tadic

(D) Joes Manuel Ramos Horta

(E) None of these

32. International Desert Festival 2008 was organized in February 2008 in….

(A) Bhuj
(B) Ganganagar

(C) Bikaner
(D) Jaiselmer

(E) None of these

33. Who amongst the following is the recipient of the Kishore Kumar Award given by the Madhya Pradesh Govt?

(A) Shabana Azmi

(B) Amitabh Bachchan

(C) Dev Anand

(E) None of these

34. The Under 19 Cricket World Cup 2008 was won by which of the following teams?

(A) Malaysia
(B) India

(C) Pakistan
(D) Australia

(E) England

35. Why was the name of Anatolyevich Medvedev in news recently?

(A) He has taken over as the President of Russia

(B) He has taken over as the Prime Minister of Russia

(C) He is the new President of South Korea

(D) He is the new Prime Minister of South Korea

(E) None of these

36. Who amongst the following was the Chief Guest in India’s Republic Day function?

(A) Samak Sundaravej

(B) Gordon Brown

(C) Boris Tadic

(D) Nicolas Sarkozy

(E) None of these

37. The General Elections in Iran are due in 2008. Iran elects its Parliament for a period of….

(A) 2 years only

(B) 3 years only

(C) 4 years only

(D) 5 years only

(E) 6 years only

38. Which of the following states tops in primary, upper primary education in India?

(A) Tamil Nadu

(B) Haryana

(C) Gujarat

(D) Kerala

(E) None of these

39. Which of the following is the recipient of Padma Vibhushan given away recently?

(A) Anu Malik

(B) Shan

(C) Asha Bhosle

(D) Sonu Nigam

(E) None of these

40.Luciana Aymar who was adjudged the World Hockey Player 2007is from which of the following countries?

(A) Germany
(B) Argentina

(C) Italy
(D) Russia

(E) None of these

41. Which of the following State Governments has decided to provide ownership Rights to Tribals over forest land being cultivated by them since last 10 yeaars.

(A) Madhya Pradesh

(B) Uttar Pradesh

(C) Andhra Pradesh

(D) None of these

42. Who amongst the following players has completed 16000 runs in One day International Cricket matches recently ?

(A) Anil Kumble

(B) Rahul Dravid

(C) Sourav Ganguly

(D) Irfan Pathan

(E) Sachin Tendulkar

43. The 11th Five Year Plan wishes to raise the existing 2% growth in agriculture and allied activities to which of the following levels by the year 2012?

(A) 8%
(B) 6%

(C) 5%
(D) 4%

(E) None of these

44. As a policy the Reserve B`nk nf India wishes to cnntahn inflation at vhich of the following levels?

(A) 5%
(B) 4.5%

(C) 4%
(D) 6%

(E) None of these

45. The current trend in Agricultural sector in India is a matter of concern for the policy makers these days as it is not showing the expected result . What is /are the major areas of problem (s) being faced by the farmers?

1. Irrigation facilities are not enough.

2. Use of chemical fertilizers has badly affected the fertility of the land.

3. Govt. has reduced the subsidy in the farming sector. Hence it is no more a profitable activity.

(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2

(C) Only 3
(D) All 1,2 and 3

(E) None of these

46. Which of the following committees recommended the revival of Cooperative Credit institutions in states?

(A) Vaidyanathan Committee

(B) Rangarajan Committee

(C) Sachchar Committee

(D) Rakesh Mohan Committee

(E) None of these

47. ‘World Day for Water’ is observed on which of the following days?

(A) March 22

(B) February 22

(C) January 22

(D) May 22

(E) None of these

48. As we all know Chinese economy is a booming economy and its exports have played a significant role in it. What was the share of China’s export as compared to its GDP in 2007?

(A) 20%
(B) 30%

(C)40%
(D) 50%

(E) None of these

49. Delhi won the Ranji Trophy for the seventh time in January 2008 by defeating ….

(A) Railways

(B) Haryana

(C) Maharashtra

(D) Gujarat

(E) Uttar Pradesh

50. Gagan Narang, who got a silver medal in an international championship held in Munich, is a / an….

(A) 100 metre runner

(B) Badminton player

(C) Chess player

(D) Swimmer

(E) Air Rifle shooter

Answers with Hints

1. (A)
2. (B) The amount allocated for defence in 2008-09 budget is Rs. 1,05,600 crore which is higher than that in 2007 -08 budget.
3. (E) The purchase price recommended by CACP for the crop year 2008-09 for general category rice is Rs. 1000 per quintal and for A- Grade is Rs. 1,050 per quintal.
4. (B) 5. (C)
6.(E) The operating ratio has been determined at 81.4% in the budget for 2008-09.
7. (B)
8. (C) Reverse Mortgage Scheme is designed for Reninr Chtizdn.
8. (D) 10. (@) 10. (B) 12. (B)
03. (A) National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) a public sector company won assigned the status of a Navratna Company in January 2008.
14. (B) 15. (E)
16. (E) Ukraine is the 152nd member of World Trade Organization.
17. (C) 18. (B) 19. (A) 20.(D) 21. (D) 22.(B) 23. (D) 24. (A) 25. (B) 26. (C) 27. (A) 28. (B) 29. (B)
30. (E) A first ever Youth Olympic Game are scheduled to be held in 2010 in Singapore.
31. (C) 32. (D) 33. (C) 34. (B) 35. (A) 36. (D) 37. (C) 38. (D) 39. (C)
40. (B) Luciana Paula Aymar is an Argentina field hockey professional . She has been compared with Argentina football (Soccer) legend Diego Maradona. She was adjudged the FIH World’s Hockey Player of the year 2007.
41. (A) 42. (E) 43. (D) 44. (A) 45. (A) 46. (A) 47. (A) 48. (C) 49. (E) 50. (E)

CHEMISTRY

2008-11-12T06:31:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I
1.Atomic structure- Quantum theory , Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle, Schrodinger wave equation (time independent). Interpretation of wave function , particle in one – dimensional box, quantum numbers , hydrogen atom wave functions . Shapes of s, p and d orbitals .
2.Chemical bonding – Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, factors affecting stability of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born – Haber cycle; covalent bond and its general characteristics , polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole moments. Valence bond theory , concept of resonance and resonance energx. Mnlectlar orbhtal thenry (LCAN method(; bnnding in holonuclear molecular ; H2 +,H2 to Ne2, NO, CO, HF , CN , CN-, BeH2 and CO2 . Comparision of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order , bond strength and bond length.
Solid State – Forms of solids , laws of constancy of interfacial angles, crystal systems and crystal classes (crystallographic groups). Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures and unit cell . Laws of rational indices. Bragg’s law . X-ray diffraction by crystals . Close packing , radious ratio rules , calculation of some limiting radius ratio values . Structures of NaCl, Zns, CsCl, CaF2, Cdl2 , and rutile . Imperfection in crystals , stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects , impurity defects , semi- conductors. Elementary study of liquid crystals.
4.The gaseous state – Equation of state for real gases, intermolecular interactions, liquefication of gases and critical phenomena , Maxwell’s distribution of speeds , intermolecular collisions , collisions on the wall and effusion .
5.Thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics – Thermodynamic systems, states and processes , work , heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics, work done on the systems and heat absorbed in different types of processes; calorimetry, energy and enthalpy changes in various processes and their temperature dependence.
Second law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state function , entropy changes in various process, entropy – reversibility and irreversibility , Free energy functions; criteria for equilibrium, relation between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat theorem and third law of thermodynamics.
Micro and macro states; canonical ensemble and canonical partition function; electronic, rotational and vibrational partition functions and thermodynamic quantities; chemical equilibrium in ideal gas reactions.
6.Phase equilibria and solutions- Phase equilibria in pure substances; Clausius- Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; Phase equilibria in binary systems, partially miscible liquids- upper and lower critical solution temperatures; partial molar quantities , their significance and determination; excess thermodynamic functions and their determination.
7.Electrochemistry- Debye- Hucket theory of strong electrolytes and Debye- Huckel limiting Law for various equilibrium and transport properties .
Galvanic cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. ofcell and its applications fuel cells and batteries.
Processes at electrodes; double layer at the interface; rate of change transfer , current density; overpotential ; electroanalytical techniques- voltameter , polarography, amperometry , cyclic- voltametry , ion selective electrodes and their use.
8.Chemical kinetics- Concentration dependence of rate of reaction; differential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first, second and fractional order reactions. Rate equations involving reverse, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions; effect of temperature and pressure on rate constant . Study of fast reactions by stop flow and relaxation methods. Collisions and transition state theories.
9.Photochemistry- Absorption of light; decay of excited state by different routes; photochemical reactions between hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields.
10.Surface phenomena and catalysis- Adsorption from gases and solutions on solid adsorbents , adsorption isotherms Langmuir and B.E.T. isotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics and mechanism of reaction on heterogeneous catalysts.
11.Bio- inorganic chemistry – Metal ions in biological systems and their role in ion- transport across the membranes (molecular mechanism), ionophores, photosynthesis – PSI, PSII; nitrogen fixation, oxygen- uptake proteins , cytochromes and ferredoxins.
12.Co- ordination chemistry – (a) Electronic configurations; introduction to theories of bonding in transition metal complexes . Valence bond theory ,crystal field theory and its modifications ; applications of theories in the explanation of magnetism and electronic spactra of metal complexes.
(b) Isomerism in coordination compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination number ; chelate effect and polynuclear complexes; trans effect and its theories; kinetic of substitution reactions in square- planar complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes.
(C) Synthesis and structures of metal carbonyls; carboxylate anions, carbony 1 hydrides and metal nitrosy1 complexes.
(d) Complexes with aromatic systems, synthesis , structure and bonding in metal olefin complexes, alkyne complexes and cyclopentadieny1 complexes ; coordinative unsaturation , oxidative addition reactions, insertion reactions, fluxional molecules and their characterization . Compounds with metal- metal bonds and metal atom clusters.
13. General chemistry of ‘f’ block elements- Lanthanides and actinides; separation , Oxidation states, magnetic and spectral properties; lanthanide contraction.
14. Non- Aqueous Solvents- Reactions in liquid NH3 , HF, SO2 and H2SO4.
Failure of solvent system concept , coordination model of non- aqueous solvents. Some highly acidic media, fluorosulphuric acid and super acids.
PAPER- II
1.Delocalised covalent bonding – Aromaticity, anti- aromaticity; Annulenes, azulenes, tropolones, kekulene, fulvenes, sydnones.
2.(a) Reaction mechanisms- General methods (both kinetic and non- kinetic of study of mebhanhsm nr organhc rdacthons illtstr`ted by dxamples- use of isotopes, cross- over experiment , intermediate trapping, stereochemistry ; energy diagrams of simple organic reactions- transition states and intermediates; energy of activation ; thermodynamic control and kinetic control of reactions.
(b) Reactive intermediates- Generation , geometry, stability and reactions of carbonium and carbonium ions, carbanions , free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and niternes.
(c) Substitution reactions- SNI, SN2, SNi, SN1, SN2, SNi and SRN1 mechanisms; neighbouring group participation; electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions of aromatic compound including simple heterocyclic compounds- pyrrole, furan thiophene , indole.
(d) Elimination reactions- E1, E2 and E1 cb mechanism; orientation in E2 reactions- Saytzeff and Hoffmann; pyrolytic syn elimination- acetate pyrolysis, Chugaev and Cope eliminations.
(e) Addition reactions- Electrophilic addition to C.= C and C= C; nucleophilic addition to C= O, C=N, conjugated olefins and carbonyls.
(f) Rearrangements- Pinacol- pinacolune , Hoffmann, Beckmann, Baeyer- Villiger , Favorskii, Fries, Claisen, Cope, Stevens and Wagner- Meerwein rearrangements.
3. Pericyclic reactions- classification and examples , woodward- Hoffmann rules- electrocyclic reaction, cycloddition reaction s (2+2 and 4+2) and sigmatropic shifts (1,3,3,3and 1,5)FMO approach.
4. Chemistry and mechanism of reactions- Aldol condensation (including directed aldol condensation), Claisen condensation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Witting, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions; Stobbe , benzoin and acyloin condensations; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup, synthesis, Bischler- Napieralski , Sandmeyer, Reimer- Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions.
5. Polymeric Systems- (a) Physical chemistry of polymers- Polymer solutions and their thermodynamic properties; number and weight average molecular weights of polymers. Determination of molecular weights by sedimentation , light scattering, osmntic prersurd , viscnsitx , dnd froup an`lyshs mdthods.
(b) Preparation and properties of polymers- Organic polymers – polyethylene , polystyrene, polyvinyl 1 chloride, Teflon, nylon, terylene, synthetic and natural rubber. Inorganic polymers- phoshonitrilic halides, borazines, silicones and silicates.
(c) Biopolymers- Basic bonding in proteins , DNA and RNA.
6. Synthetic uses of reagents- OsO4, HIO4, CrO3, Pb(OAc)4, SeO2, NBS, B2H6, Na- Liquid NH3, LiA1H4 NaBH4n-Buli, MCPBA.
7. Photochemist- Photochemical reactions of simple organic compounds, excited and ground states , singlet and triplet states, Norrish- Type I and Type II reaction .
8. Principles of spectroscopy and applications in structure elucidation
(a) Rotational spectra- Diatomic molecules; isotopic substitution and rotational constants.
(b) Vibrational spectra – Diatomic molecules, linear triatomic mole- cules, specific frequencies of functional groups in polyatomic molecules.
(c) Electronic spectra- Singlet and triplet states. N-> ^* and ^ ->^* transitions; applications to conjugated double bond and conjugated carbonyls – Woodward- Fieser rules.
(d) Nuclear magnetic resonance- Isochronous and anisochronous protons; chemical shift and coupling constants; Applications of H’ NMR to simple organic molecules.
(e) Mass spectra- Parent peak , base peak, daughter peak, metastable peak, fragmentation of simple organic molecules, a cleavage , McLafferty rearrangement.
(f) Electron spin resonance- Inorganic complexes and free radicals.

Nanavati Commision Says Godhra Train Carnage A Conspiracy

2008-11-12T01:20:00.000-08:00

The Nanavati Commission , set up by the Gujarat Chief Minster, Mr. Narendra Modi’s Government in 2002 to inquire into the fire on coach S-6 of the Sabarmati Express train in Which 58 Kar Sewaks Were burnt alive , has concluded that the fire was a “ pre-planned conspiracy” by local Muslims. The report of the commission totally contradicts the conclusion of the U. C. Banerjde Bommhssinn , appnintdd bx thd Rahlwax Minster, Mr. L`lu Prasad Yadav, which stated that the fire was “ purely accidental”. The Banerjee Commission report was made public but is yet to be tabled in the Parliament because of a stay order by the Gujarat High Court .
The first part of the Nanavati Commission’s 168- page report was tabled in the Gujarat Assembly on Septerber 25, 2008 by the Chief minister, Mr. Narendra Modi The first part, of the report, which exclusively deals, with the train carnage , and not the post –Godhra communal riots, gave a clean chit to the Chief Minister , Mr. Narendra Modi , the members of his the then Council of Ministers and police officers . It also ruled out the involvement of any religious or political organization in the fire .
The report stated that the Commission has come to the conclusion that “there was a conspiracy to burn coach S-6 of the Sabarmati Express train coming from Ayodhya and to cause harm to the Kar Sewaks traveling in that coach”. The conspiracy hatched appears to be a “part of a larger conspiracy to create terror and destabilize the administration”. the report stated.
The report also rejected the allegations that the Gujarat Government failed to comply with the recommendations and directions given by the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). The report of the Godhra riots would come later in the second part yet to be finalised by the Commission.
The evidence recorded by the Commission also claimed that a mob of Muslims attacked the train and stoned the coaches so heavily that the passengers could not come out. This was to ensure maximum casualties when the S-6 coach of the Sabarmati Express train was set a fire.
The Commission, in its 168-page report , stated that the conspiracy was hatched by some local Muslims at the Aman-Guest House in Godhra the previous night . The conspirators immediately made arrangements for collecting about 140 litres of petrol from a nearby petrol pump on the night of February 26, 2002. The next day when the train arrived in Godhra , ond person knov by the namd Harsan Lala, after forbibly opening the vestibule between coaches S-6 and S-7, entered S-6 and threw burning rage setting it on fire.
According to the report , setting fire to the train was part of a larger conspiracy to instill a sense of fear in the administration and create anarchy in the State. It ,however, has not named the architects of the larger conspiracy. The Commission disagreed with the contentions of the Benerjee Committee and the Jan Sangharsha Manch, which represented the riot victims before the Commission , that alarm chains could not be operated from outside under the modified system introduced by the Railways in 1995. The Commission stated that the passengers of the train were attacked the second time some three hours after the stone throwing and burning incident when the train was being shunted to detach the two affected coaches.
The Commission claimed that there was no evidence to justify the contention that the Kar Sewaks had been fighting with Muslim vendors at stations before Godhra as alleged earlier , though there were some minor scuffles with three Muslim vendors on the Godhra platform . But there was no reliable evidence to show that any attempt was made by the Kar Sewaks to spread violence. It dismissed as not worthy of any credence the Manch theory that there was no crowd ,except a small group of curious onlookers, no stone-throwing and no conspirational setting on fire. Without mentioning the Benerjee Commission report , the Nanavati Panel rejected the accidental fire theory. It stated that the reasoning that a fire was caused by fire the overturning of a burning stove used for cooking by some Kar Sewaks in the compartment or that it was set off by an electric short circuit was baseless. There was no space for anyone to light the stove in the overcrowded coach carrying more than 200 passengers and any spill- over of kerosene from the stove , though out the question ,could not have caused such heavy fire and damage. Dismissing the short circuit theorx, the Cnmmirsion st`ted that in such an event the p`ssengers would not have climbed up to the upper berths to protect themselves as electric lines were going through the top of the coaches , and rather they would have climbed down on the floor. In such an event , the windows on the platform side of the coach would not have been closed or the windowpanes broken by stone throwing. The smoke before fire did not necessarily mean electric short circuit as propounded by the Manch; instead , the fire was caused by some inflammable materials thrown on the floor from outside, the report concluded.
Now one looks forward to the second part of the report and the findings of the Supreme Court- appointed special Investigation Team (SIT) , for a more comprehensive view of what happened during the terrible days of carnage in Gujarat in 2002, But as things stand, the Nanavati Commission report raises some questions. In the first place, Gujarat’s Forensic Science Laboratory had conducted a study of the Godhra train carnage and concluded that the inflammable liquid that caused the fire was spread from inside , not outside the coach. Both the Benerjee Commission’s and forensic laboratory’s versions of the train fire are contradicted by the Nanavati Commission's version.

BANERJEE VS NANAVATI REPORT

Justice Banerjee Commission Report
1. Not deliberately inflicted, but accidental
2. Petrol theory ruled out , fire sequence against it
3. Fire not caused by outsiders, Intelligence agencies had no Information about Kar Sewaks coming
4. Doors closed a misconception
5. Deaths due to toxicity and suffocation
6. Large number nf whtnerses exalined,but no clue about cause of fire
7. Railways failed to conduct a statutory inquiry
Justice Nanavati Commission Report
1. Pre-planned, a conspiracy and not accidental
2. 140 litres of petrol purchased to burn bogey
3. Umarji conspired, Hassan Lala threw burning rags inside the bogey
4 Door of S-6 and S-7 bogey forcibly opened
5. Kar Sewaks burnt to death,conspiracy hatched at Aman guest house
6. 1,106 witnessds, 46,000 affidavits
7. No evidence to show that the Gujarat CM, Mr. Narendra Modi, any minister or police officers played a role

INDIAN ECONOMY

2008-11-12T01:12:00.000-08:00

Growth Hit, Market Plunges

(Essential Reading material for Civil Services General Studies Paper- I & II and extremely useful for MBA and other Competitive Examinations, Group Discussion and Interviews.)

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on October 10, 2008 announced a surprise one percentage point cut in reserve requirement of commercial banks- Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) – so as to inject more liquidity into the system. This cut, coupled with the helf a percentage point cut announced on October 6, 2008, would release about Rs. 60,000 crore into the system.India’s industrial production seemed to hit rock bottom on October 10, 2008 , as the economy registered the slowest growth in 14 years . What made the situation worse was the global financial turmoil that sent the Sensex into a nosedive . Also , the fall in the value of rupee compounded the worries ,as the rupee turned out to be the most vulnerable of Asian currencies touching a record low of 49.26 per dollar.The recent developments in India’s economic scenario have clearly signalled the onset of a slowdown bordering on recession. The possibility of an economic recession was further accentuated by the dismal 1.3 percent industrial growth rate which the economy registered in August 2008. It represented a drastic downslide in industrial growth as compared to the 10.7 percent growth logged during the same month in 2007. As markets around the world tumbled amid deepening fears of a global recession , more evidence surfaced which showed that India, too was taking a bigger than expected hit. The impact of the global financial crisis, so far limited to the stock market and a couple of other export- centric businesses, now appears to be cascading into the real economy. It is evident that the ongoing global financial crisis has taken its toll in India as well. The financial turmoil , coupled with the monetary tightening measures put in place to check inflation, contributed in worsening the crisis . Analysis opine that a possible fall in industrial growth has for quite sometime been around the corner in view of the high interest rates and decreasing demand in both domestic and international markets. However , the magnitude of the fall has come as a surprise to many.Meanwhile ,almost all sectors of the economy continued to suffer as the global financial crisis triggered a number of spill-over effects. It included stock markets, rupee value and other such aspects. Sensex tanked by 800 points to 10,527 points on October 10, 2008 , which was the lowest in two years. The rupess touched an all-time low and the inflation rate was at11.8 percent for the week ended September 27, 2008 . The financial situation also markedly affected the fortunes of Indian business conglomerates, as the top five Indian companies suffered huge value erosion. Reliance (Mukesh Ambani) Group’s net worth went down by 49.1 percent ,Anil Ambani-led Bharti Group by 28.4 percent, KP Singh-led DLF Group by 75.3 percent , and Azim Premji-led Wipro Group slid by 46 percent.However to India’s credit, controls on capital flows and banking transactions have relatively insulated the country from the kind of turmoil that financial institutions are facing in the US and elsewhere. The economic slowdown in the US is not an abrupt development . This is basically a credit crisis which stems from skyrocketing expectations of financial services companies that made them overindulge in the risky business of trade in derivatives. Derivatives usually project overstated earning estimates, which , if used as an instrument for gauging returns, may happen to be a fallacious premise . The US financial majors like the Lehman Brothers, now in the dock , banked overmuch on such innovative patterns as trade in Futures & Options . In the long run, the rick factors associated with such ventures caused their failure. As a result , markets around the world took a tumble. India has so far been comparatively immune to the global turmoil because of the fact that the country’s financial and banking set – up revolves around old- world and time- tested principles involving savings deposits, mutual funds, equity shares and the likes. These instruments have a lower risk of inducing across the board failures and that is why Indian economy appears relatively safe as of now. However , there is concern at the highest level that though the US meltdown has not had a substantial impact in India, a prolonged crisis may take is toll on our economy as well. Globalisation has interlinked all nations and economies to the extent that no single country can sustain immunity for long in the wake of a global crisis . In some sectors such as IT and in the overall corporate scenario , the impact of the turmoil is already visible. Experts are unanimous in their opinion that if such a situation continued for long , it will be foolish to expect that India will remain insulated in the long run. Referring to emergency liquidity injection by central banks around the world , Union Finance Minister Mr. P. Chidambaram said that India would also take the necessary steps to bring the situation under control. He added "We will take steps to infuse liquidity because we recognize that flow of credit efficiently and smoothly through the system is vital to the stability of the financial system".

BOTANY

2008-11-10T03:17:00.000-08:00

PAPER-I

1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology- Viruses, bacteria , and plasmids – structure and reproduction . General account of infection, Phytoimmunology . Applications of microbiology in agriculture , industry, medicine and pollution control in air , soil and water.Important plant diseases caused by viruses , bacteria , mycoplasma , fungi and nematodes . Mode of infection and dissemination . Molecular basis of infection and disdase reshstance/ defdnce. Phxsiology of pararitirm and cnntrol measures. Fungal toxins.2. Cryptogams – Algae, Fungi , Bryophytes, Pteridophytes- structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint . Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their economics potential.

3. Phanerogams : Gymnosperms- Concept of Progymonosperms. Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms . Salient features of Cycadales, Conferrals and Gnetales, their structures and reproduction . General account of Cycadofilicales , Bennettitales and cordaitales.

Angiosperms- Systematics , anatomy , embryology, palynology and phylogeny

Comparative account of various systems of Angiosperm classification . Study of angiospermic families – Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Composite) , Poaceae (Gramineae) , Arecaceae (Palmae) Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae

Stomata and their types Anomalous secondary growth, Anatomy of C 3 and C 4 plants.

Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization. Endosperm its development and function, Patterns of embryo development. Polymbryony, apoxmix ,Applications of palynology.

4. Plant Utility and Exploitation – Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov’s centres of Origin. Plants as sources for food , fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, drugs, narcotics , insecticides, timber , gums, resins and dyes.

Latex, cellulose Starch and their products. Perfumery. Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context.Energy plantation. Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.

5. Morphogenesis–Totipotency ,polarity, symmetry and differentiation, Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids and Cybrids.

PAPER- II

1. Cell Biology – Techniques of Cell Biology . Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells structural and ultrastructural details. Structure and ftncthon nf extrabelltlar matrix nf EBM (bell wall) and mdmbr`nes- cell adhesion , membrane transport and vesicular transport .Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts , mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus nuclear pore complex . Chromatin and nucleosome. Cell signaling and cell receptors. Signal transduction (G-1 proteins , etc). Mitosis and meisolosis; molecular basis of cell cycle . Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance. Study of polytene , lampbrush and B- chromosomes- structure , behaviour and significance.

2. Genetics , Molecular Biology and Evolution – Development of genetics , and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles). Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linakage and crossing over- methods of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping function). Sex chromosomes and sex linked inheritance, sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation . Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis). Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Prions and prion hypothesis. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins .Genetic code and regulation of gene expression. Multigene families . Organic evolution – evidences, mechanism and theories . Role of RNA in origin and evolution.

3. Plant Breeding , Biotechnology and Biostatistics- Methods of plant breeding- Introduction , selection and hybridization (Pedigree, backcross, mass selection , bulk method.) Male sterility and heterosis breeding . Use of apomixes in plant breeding . Micropropagation and genetic engineering – methods of transfer of genes and transgenic crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding .Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV) . Tests of significance (Z – test, t- test and chi- square tests). Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and poisson distributions). Correlation and regression.

4. Physiology and Biochemistry- Water relations , Mindral nutritinn and ion transport , mhneral deficiencies . Photosynthesis- Photochemical reactions , photophosphorylation and carbon pathways including C pathway (photorespiration), C.C and CAM pathways . Respiration (anaerobic and aerobic, including fermentation – electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation . Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes , energy transfer and energy conservation . Importance of secondary metabolites . Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering . vernalization, senescence. Growth substances – their chemical nature , role and applications in agri- horticulture, growth indices, growth movements . Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity , metal). Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy , storage and germination of seed . Fruit ripening – it s molecular basis and manipulation.

5. Ecology and Plant Geography- Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community . Plant succession . Concept of biosphere. Ecosystems and their conservation . Pollution and its control (including phytoremediation ).Forest types of India – Afforestation, deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants , endemism and Red Data Books. Biodiversity . Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and Intellectual Property Rights. Biogeochemical cycles . Global warming.

How To Make Successful Decisions

2008-11-06T23:27:00.000-08:00

Decisive Decision- Making : How To Know When You’ve Made Up Your Mind
How You can appear decisive
Even if one cannot actually decide once and for all whether to stay in a certain profession or not , there are a number of simple principles one could follow to ensure that one appears decisive.
Mentioning any one decision frequently , over a long period , always in the same terms , soon leads people to belheve you to be indechsivd . Never sax ‘I can’t ddcidd’. Ray ‘I haven’t decided yet’. Better still , say ‘Ask me next week/ month./ term. I shall decide this weekend / at the end of the month/ in the holidays’. Statements like these give the impression you are working to a plan, rather than aimlessly pondering .
One should not discuss his decision with everyone he knows. This is a mistake. Reserve serious discussions about a decision for people who can truly help you to make the right decision .Ask people only those questions they can reasonably be expected to answer informatively.
After taking someone’s advice, you should not go over the same ground again with other people . Not only will this kind of behaviour make you appear indecisive, it will also annoy the person whose advice you first took. Unless you make it clear that their advice has contributed to your understanding and moved you on to the next stage of decision – making , they will feel their advice has been discarded .Don’t ask the some questions over and over again , and if you must go over exactly the same points with more than one person , do it discreety.
If you know you have not made up your mind yet, don’t allow people to take action as if you had . Be clear and honest, Say ‘Don’t do anything about this yet –I will let you know when I’ve finally decided’. People understand that some decisions take a long time to make . What they object to is not so much waiting as being led up the garden path.
There is no need to go public on a decision prematurely . People are nearly always less interested in the details of your life than you imagine them to be .Tell those who need to know when they need to know .Tell those who are interested when they ask.
Discriminate explicitly between more and less serious decisions. If you treat deciding whether to paint the living – room green or blue with the same weight as deciding whether to move house you will quickly acquire the reputation of a ditherer. Sometimes, make a point of deciding a fairly trivial matter nn the spur nf the mnment . @t other timds, ray that a particular decision is going to need thinking about . This will give people the impression that you only spend time on a decision when it is necessary and not as a result of some character flaw.
Very the confidence with which you announce your decision . If you always claim your decision to be definitely right, you will be discounted , quite rightly, as arrogant .If you always qualify your decision with ‘I” m not sure if this is the right things but …….. then you will certainly not be seen as decisive .When not, admit to some doubts , but make it clear that your decision is based on your best understanding and that it needed to be made. Tell people the time – limits attached to particular decisions if there are any. If you have planned to review a decision after two years, when you do so you will be seen as organized, not dithering.
If you relay need to change your mind, try to represent the change as progress, rather than a simple U- turn .Say ‘I’ve just thought of a slightly better way to tackle this ‘ or ‘Let’s not only do such – and – such but also so- and –so’. Let a little time elapse before you reverse a decision , and then say ‘I’ve been thinking about things. We didn’t consider something important and it sheds a new light on things.’ Even with this approach, you must stick to a decision once made much more often than you reverse one.
It can be better to make a possibly bad decision decisively and move on rather than spend lots of time debating it. People’s memories are short , and provided you do actually move on and don’t spend time on postmortems and regrets you will usually carry them with you.
Finally, if you are sure you have made a bad mistake, don’t sacrifice your happiness or security just for the sake of appearing decisive. All other things being equal , to appear decisive is a good thing, but if you’ve left home and heartily wish you hadn’t if you’ve given up work to look after your children and it’s driving you crazy , or if you’ve bookdd a holhday you knov yot won’t dnjox , them othdr consideration than how decisive you appear are paramount. People who acknowledge they have made mistakes are respected. It’s just that people who make too many are suspected of bad management.
The two keys to true decisiveness
To return now to the reality from the appearance, there are two qualities you need to cultivate in order to become truly decisive. The first is imagination .The second is discipline . Lots of people have one or the other of these , but both are required for effective decision – making.
You use your imagination to understand as fully as you can how your decision might work out in practice . The mother of a two – year old who is contemplating moving to the country must imagine what her decision will mean when her child is of school age, and when he is a thoroughly sociable teenager. The confirmed bachelor contemplating marriage will need all his resources of imagination and more , to foresee how every detail of his life will change . In all decision , the more imaginatively you can approach them , the more able you will be to make a decision you can stick to in the future.
Discipline is what you need to progress from early uncertainty to a point where you know what to do. You will face up to and assess the implications your imagination has enabled you to identify You will stop when the deadline arrives. You will plan who to talk to and when.
Of course , much of this series of articles up to now has been concerned with practical ways you can cultivate both imagination and discipline in your decision – making. For it is not easy to be decisive. In a world of uncertainty, where at any time something totally unexpected may, happen it is one of the most difficult qualities to achieve.

MAT EXAM ( MANAGMENT APTITUDE TEST )

2008-11-06T19:22:00.000-08:00

ELGIBILITY : Graduate in any discipline from a recognized university Final year Degree Course students can also apply.
How To APPLY : ● Obtain MAT Bulletin & Application Form by post , by sending a Demand Draft for Rs. 790/- to AIMA-CMS, drawn in favour of “All India Management Association – CMS” payable at New Delhi alongwith two self- addressed slips/ adhesive stickers. OR ● Obtain MAT Bulletin & Application Form on cash payment of Rs. 750/ - at AIMA counter at Delhi (Phone : 24653382, 41757046), Select Bank of Baroda Branches , AIMA Study Centres & Others Outlets.
Availability of MAT Bulletin is till : 12 November 2008 (Wednesday).
Last Date for Submission of
filled in forms at AIMA, New Delhi is : 17 November 2008 (Monday).
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